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,^ o» »»» »»»»»»»»»•»• <»•■» -»•»»» » »•»•»■»»■»■»■»»»» » » »»»<fr»4>-fr«fr<fr» -y ^ 



THE 



Handy Horse Book. 



A MANUAL FOR EVERY AMERICAN 
HORSE-OWNER, 



♦ 



<> 



BY 



C. E. THOKNE, and A. T. WILSON, 

Editor Fakm and Fireside. Veterinary Surgeon. 



FARM AND FIRESIDE LIBRARY. 

Copyrighted, 1881, by Farm and Fireside Co. 



MnnrriPTi OH /w,s„™ 1M o ' SUBSCRIPTION \'K 

NUMBERED. October, 1882. PER YEAR, $3.01 



PUBLISHED BY MAST, CROYVELL & KIRKPATRICK, SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. 



4 Entered at the Post-Office at Springfield, Ohio, as second-class mail matter. 



NEW LIST OF BOOKS! 
$1 TO $3 BOOKS FOR 25 CENTS EACH. 

TEEMS OP SUBSCRIPTION TC- TEE TAEM AND FIEESIDE LIBRAE!: 
One Year, - ... $3.00 

Single Copy, -..---.25 Cents. 

For 25 Cents a Copy of any Book in this List will be Sent by Mail, Postpaid. 

Book No. 11. Secrets of ProsressiTe Agriculture. Being reports of a course of lec- 
tures on Agriculture delivered by the Faculty of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 
consisting of President Ortoa, Prof. N. S. Townshend, Prof. Albert H. Tuttle, Prof. Robin- 
son and others, and embraces about forty lectures. A desirable book for farmers. 

Book No. 12. Sw 'ss Family Robinson. Or the adventures of a father, his wife and 
four sons on a Desert Island. T.iis companion volume to Robinson Crusoe is equal in 
intense interest and popularity. It is the story of a Swiss family consisting of a father, 
his wife and four sons who were deserted by the cowardly action of a captain and his sailors, 
and left upon a storm-tossed vessel, of their mir aculous escape from death, of their life and 
adventures upon a desert island for many years, and of their deliverance by a British vessel. 

Book No. 13. Household Picture Book. A selection of stories and pictures for every 

^ member of the family. No such handsome book for the household has ever been offered. 
It is crowded with just such short stories that mothers enjoy reading to children, and chil- 
dren delight to hear, and just such pictures that please and amuse. The pictures are finely 
executed, and cost between two and three thousand dollars to engrave. 

B;)ok No. 14. Cast Up by the Sea. By Sir Samuel W, Baker. An intensely interesting 
book, whose hero, when an infant child, was cast up by the sea from a shipwrecked vessel on 
the coast of Cornwall, Englaxid. This wonderful story is too well known to need more than 
an allusion to it. Its interest is sustained from first to last. 

Bonk No. 15. Liife and Times of Garfield. A truthful record of the life of our late 
President, containing his life from boyhood to his death. This history contains many in- 
teresting incidents not heretofore published, and is by far the most desirable history of this 
great man published. Should be read by every American citizen. 

Book No. 16. The Complete Poultry Book. Tegetmeier's Improved. For many years 
Tegetmeier's Poultry Book has been the standard, but its price, which is nine dollars, has 

§ laced it beyond the reach of most people. We have improved this great book, and repro- 
uce it in this form so that the masses can now get it for almost nothing. It suits at once 
the plain poulterer, who must make the business pay, and the chicken fancier whose taste 
is for gay plumage and strange, bright birds. 

Book No. 17. In Door and Out. A complete book of amusements. This book affords 
an almost inexhaustible fund of am usements for evening parties, social gatherings, and 
all festive occasions, and healthful recreations for out-door sports of every description, 
with chapters on ball playing, swim ming, etc., and is, we believe, the only book of amuse- 
ments with a chapter devoted to the healthy and invigorating sport of Bicycle riding. 

Book No. 18. Genteel Manners. A complete hand book of behavior. This book is de- 
signed to offer such suggestions as will be valuable to those just entering society, to those 
who desire to understand good breeding, the customs of good society, and to avoid incorrect 
and vulgar habits. Invaluable to the young man or young lady just entering society. 

Book No. 19. The Family Doctor Book. A practical treatise for the use of families. 
This is not intended to take the place of a doctor, but to convey a better knowledge of the 
human system to the people. This book will first take up the subject of our body, then of 
our different organs, then the preservation of our health, and then the common diseases, 
giving the causes which produce them (so far as known), their symptoms and their treat- 
ment by hygienic means, combined with a proper use of medicine. 

B»ik No. 21). Handy Horsft Book. A complete manual for horsemen, embracing How 
to Breed, Buy, Train, Use, Feed, Drive, and How to Bide a Horse. It also gives the symp- 
toms, causes and cures of all known horse diseases. No one who owns or uses a horse 
should fail to have a copy of this book. 

The usual price of these books is from $1.00 to $9.00 each, and have been considered luxu- 
ries, when they ought to be considered neccessities, and the masses will buy books if prices 
are placed within reach. We offer the best books known, at a very low price, to allow every 
person to provide themselves with good books. 

EIGHT OF OUR BOOKS are entirely new. written for us, and our own copyright. 

THE PAGES are about 5>£ by 8 inches, except the Household Picture Book, which is 
double the size. 

THE TYPE is Minion easy on the eyes. THE PAPER is of a beautiful white color. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio. 



THE 



Handy Horse Book 



A MANUAL FOR EVERY AMERICAN 
HORSE-OWNER. 



C. E. THOENE, and A. T. WILSON, 

Editor Farm and Fireside. Veterinary Surgeon. 






X: W 



PUBLISHED BY w 

Mast, Crowell & Kirkpat^ick, 
springfield, ohio. 



SFZS-5 



T5 



COPYRIGHTED. 

1883. 

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK. 



PREFACE. 



In the compilation of my portions of this book it has been my 
endeavor to collect, in convenient form, such facts relating to the 
history and management of the horse as I have often wished to 
have access to in my own farm-life. While I can lay, little claim 
to originality in this compilation, I hope that my experience may 
have been such as to salt the whole with the savor of practica- 
bility. 

It will be seen that throughout my part of the book, as well 
as Dr. Wilson's, no attempt has been made towards an exhaustive 
discussion of the points considered. For such discussion the 
reader must be referred to more extensive or more specialized 
works, this book being designed, as its name implies, simply as a 
handy manual for the ordinary horse-owner, and as such I hope 
it will be found serviceable. 

C. E. T. 



13] 



PART L 

HISTORICAL. 

From the legends of the rocks, we learn that the elevation of 
the lands which had formed the bottoms of the oceans <f the 
Cretaceous period was very soon followed by the advent of hoofed 
animals, already showing the differentiation into Artiodactyla, or 
even-toed, and Perissodactyla, or odd-toed, which continues to be 
a most important point in classification. Of the latter class the 
earliest forms to which the modern horse can be traced, that have 
as yet been found, have come from the fossil beds of New Mexico, 
Utah and Wyoming, belonging to the Eocene period; but as yet 
the evidence that similar forms may not exist in other parts of 
the world is only negative, since there are immense tracts in Asia 
and Africa, where the paleontologist is as yet unknown. 

The earliest form of the horse thus far discovered — the Eohip- 
pus, of Marsh, was not larger than a fox, and had four toes, with 
rudiments of a fifth. In succeeding forms the toes disappeared 
and the size increased, until the horse which accompanied man in 
his advent upon the world of history was' an animal probably 
much resembling the wild pony of the present day, with all the 
toes obliterated except the central one, corresponding to the mid- 
dle digit in man. 

Zoologists place the horse in the genus Equus, species caballus. 
This genus also includes (2) the domestic ass (E. annus) ; (3) the 
Asiatic wild asses, roaming from Syria to the frontiers of China, 
and forming probably but a single species (E. hemionus), though 
divided by some zoologists into the Syrian wild ass (E. hemippus), 
the Onager (E. onager), from Persia, and the Kiang, or Dzeggettai 
{E. hemionus), of the high table-land s of Thibet ; (4) the Quagga 
(E. quagga)-, (5) the Dauw, or BurchelFs Zebra (E. BurcheliM), and 
(6) the Mountain Zebra (j£ Zebra); the last three, belonging to 

[5] 



6 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

Africa, and being distinguished from each other by the Quagga 
having the dark stripes limited to the head, neck and shoulders, 
upon a brown ground-color, while the Dauw has a white ground- 
color, with the stripes extending over the body and upper part of 
the limbs, and the Mountain Zebra shows a still stronger con- 
trast between the stripes and the white ground-color, the former 
extending to the feet. This species is confined to southern Africa, 
and is becoming extinct, owing to the encroachments of civ- 
ilization. 

These six modifications of the horse type are all sufficiently 
distinct to oe regarded as separate species. They are not so widely 
separated but that each will interbreed with any of the others, 
but the produce of such interbreeding is in every case a true hy- 
brid ; that is, incapable of perpetuating its kind, although there 
are some instances of female mules breeding with males of either 
the horse or the ass. 

Of these species but two, and these the two bearing the least 
resemblance to each other — the horse and the ass — have been 
brought into domestication. Of the time and place of this do- 
mestication we have no tradition. A few scattering hints have 
been obtained from geology ; from that picture-writing by which 
primeval man sought to perpetuate his ideas on bone, or horn, or 
rock ; and from a few indistinct allusions in .he oldest forms of 
written language. 

As before stated, the earliest paleontological remains of the 
horse thus far found have occurred in America, and from the 
Eocene EoHppus it is traced through various modifications to 
forms differing but slightly from the horse of to-day ; yet, when 
America was opened to civilization, none of these forms were rep- 
resented in its living fauna, notwithstanding the fact ,hat the broad 
plains of both continents were perfectly adapted to the necessities 
of this animal, as shown by the fact that they soon became the 
grazing ground of immense herds of wild orses, the produce of 
individuals which had escaped from domestication. 

From the natural adaptitude of the plains of southern Africa 
to the habits of the horse, and from, the close resemblance in 



HISTORICAL. 7 

form of the other members of the genus now existing there, we 
would naturally expect to find in that country his original home. 
The evidence upon this point, however, is not conclusive. At 
present no wild horses are known to exist either in Africa or else- 
where, except as descendants of those which have escaped from 
domestication. 

The earliest historical references to the horse occur in words of 
Sanskrit origin, in the Egyptian hieroglyphics, and hi Hebrew 
history. The chronology of these references is so obscure that 
it is impossible to assign any dates to them, but they leave no 
doubt that the horse was in domestication among the Hebrews 
and Egyptians from sixteen hundred to two thousand years before 
the Christian era, and they cause the surmise that he was prob- 
ably brought, already domesticated, with the Aryan races who, at 
about this period, began that westward march of civilization 
which is not yet ended. 

In view of the perfection to which the modern Arabian horse 
has been brought, it has been conjectured by some that 
Arabia was his original home ; but that country has long been so 
barren that the horse would not have prospered without human 
care, while he seems to have been comparatively unknown there 
in early times. Solomon appears to have mounted his cavalry 
from Egypt, and it is not until the fifth century, A. D., that we 
have any evidence of the possession of horses by the Arabians, 
while even in Mahomet's time they were not abundant. 

Xenophon, writing in the fifth century, B. c, describes, in the 
horse of Greece, an animal which would to-day be recognized as 
a good horse. The horse of Rome is supposed to have been in- 
ferior to that of Greece, from the fact that the Roman cavalry 
proved unequal to that of Macedonia and Persia, notwithstand- 
ing the superiority of the Roman infantry. 

In Great Britain and western Europe we have a series of evi- 
dences which, apparently, take up equine history near the point 
where it is dropped by the fossil beds of America. These evi- 
dences exist in the debris forming the floors of the caves for the 
possession of which, as dwelling places, primeval man disputed 



8 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

with the nyaena and great cave bear, and in whose lowest strata 
the bones of these animals, as well as of the mammoth rhinoeerous 
and other animals of whose existence in those regions no other 
tradition is left, are mingled with those of the horse, and with 
human bones and implements of war and the chase. In these 
caves we have not only the evidence furnished by the commin- 
gling of these bones, but even at that early date the instinct of 
the artist* had been born, andl on bits of bone, elephant's tusk, 
deer's antlers, etc., have been found rude sketches of several of 
these animals, the horse included. From these sketches we learn 
that the horse of the cave-dwellers bore a considerable likeness 
to the wild pony that roams the Russian steppes to-day. 

Above the layer of debris which covers these remains exists 
another from which the previous fauna has mainly disappeared, 
but we still find the bones of man and horse, surrounded now, 
however, with those of the domestic dog, pig, goat and ox, and 
the badger bear, wild boar and other wild animals of the present 
fauna. 

The man who first inhabited these caves seems to have been of 
the Eskimo type, to have had no domestic animals, and to have 
subsisted wholly by the chase. The horse was, therefore, to him 
only an object of food. With the changed climatic conditions 
under which the mammoth and hyaena gave place to the ox and 
pig, the Eskimo disappears and his place is supplied by a type of 
men which is thought to be still represented in the remnants of 
the I beric races now existing in the Basque provinces of Spain, 
and which were driven to the westward and almost completely 
annihilated by the Celtic offshoots of the great Aryan stock, who 
were found occupying the land by Caesar, and who were in pos- 
session of horses which they rode and harnessed to chariots. 

No doubt these Celts had carried with them in their westward 
migrations some of the animals which had been domesticated in 
their eastern homes, and most probably the horse of the neolithic 
cave-dweller now received an infusion of eastern blood. 

With the advent of the Romans, however, more definite history 
begins, and we may be sure that the native mares were crossed 



HISTOKICAL. 9 

with the Roman remounts. We cannot be so sure, however, that 
this cross was always an improvement, since these remounts were 
obtained from all quarters of the world, while the Romans never 
manifested much concern for the improvement of their horses. 

The Jutes and Saxons were maritime peoples, and the few 
horses which they brought with them to assist in their inland 
excursions were probably not superior to those already in Britain. 
But the coming of William the Conqueror opened a new 
era in the equine as well as the human history of England, in the 
importation of the horses of Normandy and Spain. From this 
time there were frequent importations of foreign blood. The 
crusades furnished opportunities for the introduction of the blood 
of Turkey, Arabia and Barbary, which has since become so cel- 
ebrated; but the small horses of those regions were not suited to the 
carrying of an armor-clad knight, and consequently these only 
found favor among monks and ladies, while the soldier of the 
period preferred the powerf al horses of Normandy and Flanders, 
and King John is recorded as having imported a hundred 
Flemish stallions. 

That the English horse had early attained a valuable character 
is shown by the fact that Edward III., in the fourteenth century, 
forbade their exportation, a prohibition which was continued by 
Henry VII. (1485-1509) in the case of stallions, but relaxed in 
that of mares above two years old. Gelding is believed to have 
had its origin in this reign, the object being to preserve and im- 
prove the quality of the English breed by preventing the use of 
inferior animals as breeders. Henry VIII. carried this idea so far 
as to forbid the grazing on the commons of certain counties, of 
any entire horse that was of less height than fifteen hands. Any 
one was at liberty to seize such a horse, and there were those 
whose duty it was to measure horses, under a heavy penalty for 
refusal. It was furthei required that all forests and public com- 
mons should be driven within fifteen days of Michaelmas, and all 
horses, mares or colts not giving promise of becoming serviceable 
as breeders, were to be killed. 

Up to this time the horse had been little used as a draft animal ; 



10 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 

carriages ha& not yet been invented, and the operations of agri- 
culture were chiefly performed by oxen, hence the horse had 
been bred almost exclusively with reference to the carrying of the 
heavily armored soldier, the steed also being covered with mail, so 
that the exigencies of war had caused the laying of the founda- 
tion of those breeds of massive horses which are now so valued 
in agriculture. With the introduction 01 carriages, however, a 
demand arose for a lighter and more active breed, a demand which 
was increased by the discovery of gunpowder, and the consequent 
disuse of armor. In response to this demand, attention was 
turned to the heretofore neglected breeds of the South, where the 
wild Moor, Arab and Turk, untrammeled by armor, never using 
their horses for draft, but valuing fleetness and endurance more 
than aught else, had produced such lithe and supple animals as 
were now needed to modify the heavier northern forms for future 
use under the saddle or in light harness. 



THE THOROUGHBRED. 

The first horse of southern blood imported into England for 
breeding purposes, of which we have any authentic account, was 
an Arab stallion, brought from Constantinople, by a Mr. Mark- 
ham, and sold to James I. early in the seventeenth century, for 
five hundred guineas. This horse, known later as the u Markham 
Arabian," did not become popular, either on account of prejudice 
or from actual lack of merit. Charles I. also favored the intro- 
duction of the southern blood, but little progress was made until 
Charles II. came to the throne. This king sent his master of the 
horse abroad to purchase a number of foreign horses and mares 
for breeding purposes, and the mares thus introduced became 
known afterwards as the " Royal mares 1 ' of the Stud Book. 
These importations were continued by James II., so that the sev- 
enteenth century witnessed the foundation of a new breed, based 
chiefly, no doubt, upon the cross between the southern horse and 
the English descendant of the earlier crosses of Norman and, 
Flemish stock, but also containing some pure southern blood. 

The beginning of the eighteenth century, however, witnessed 
the appearance in England of the three horses to which the mod- 
ern thoroughbred race-horse more directly traces his lineage. 
These were, (1) the Byerly Turk, of whose early history nothing 
is known further than that he was used by Captain Byerly in 
King William's wars in Ireland; (2) the Darley Arabian, a gen- 
uine Arab, imported from Aleppo by a brother of Mr. Darley, of 
Aldby Park, Yorkshire, about the end of the reign of William 
III, or the beginning of that of Anne (1700-1706); and (3) the 
Godolphin Arabian, or Barb, a horse supposed to have been pre- 
sented by the Emperor of Morocco to Louis XIV., but which was 
so little valued in Paris that he was set to drawing a cart, at 
which occupation he was discovered by a Mr. Coke, by whom he 
was sent to England, where he finally came into possession of the 



12 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

Earl of Godolphin. Even yet he was not appreciated, and was 
only used as a teazer ; finally, however, he was allowed to cover a 
mare (Roxana) which the other horse had refused, and the produce 
of this union (Lath) became one of the best horses of the day. 
The Godolphin is supposed to have lived from 1724 to 1753. He is 
represented as having a remarkably high crest, and very round 
and drooping quarters. He was of a brown-bay color and about 
fifteen hands high. These horses being bred to mares which 
already contained more or less admixture of southern blood, from 
the previous importations referred to, produced a few horses of 
exceptional merit, either as racers or as sires of racers, and'it soon 
became manifest that in this anglicized southern blood lay the 
greatest promise of speed and endurance. It was not, however, 
until the end of the century that an attempt was made to sys- 
tematically preserve the pedigrees of animals of this strain; by 
this time, of course, there were many false and inaccurate ped- 
igrees claimed, and in order to reduce this confusion to system, a 
Stud Book was commenced in 1791, which included such 
pedigrees as could be established from the racing calendars, sale 
papers, and traditions which were then accessible. The first 
volume of the Stud Book appeared in 1808. As it claimed to give 
pedigrees extending back to the beginning of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, there were, of course, some inaccuracies, especially with regard 
to dates, but it is now accepted as the most reliable authority 
with regard to the history of the racing or thoroughbred horse. 
It will be seen from the above that this term " thoroughbred " 
is but of comparative significance, for there is probably no ped- 
igree which can be traced back to parents of southern blood on 
both sides without showing at some point an admixture of some 
other blood, in the statement "darn unknown" — a statement 
which generally means that the dam was of northern blood ; 
while, if these pedigrees could all be traced back to the impor- 
tations of the close of the seventeenth century, they would still 
only show that the " thorough " breed was founded upon a 
mongrel breed, composed of Barb, Arabian and Turk, tempered 
with the bloods of Flanders, Normandy and England. By this 



THE THOROUGHBRED. 13 

fusion of bloods, size and strength have been added to the form 
and courage of the southern horse ; the thoroughbred of to-day 
averaging a hand taller than the Turk — which is the largest of 
the southern breeds — and possessing such superior fleetness that 
he is able to distance him, even when the latter carries the lighter 
weight. 

The thoroughbred was originally bred for running, and as a 
runner he still excels all other breeds, but for actual service in 
the every -day affairs of life this gait is of little value, however 
useful it may be to the wild Bedouin of the desert. The smooth, 
compact frame of the thoroughbred horse, however, and his speed 
.and great endurance, have been extremely valuable factors in the 
modifying of the ordinary breeds to suit the demand for a light 
business or pleasure horse, and in this he has served and is serving 
a very useful purpose. 

The shape of the race-horse is variable, and he is said to win 
in any form, but it is essential to success on the race-course that 
every muscle should be fully developed, and yet without surplus 
flesh ; that the bones should be light, yet strong ; that the lungs 
and air passages should be large, and the whole form so harmo- 
nized that there shall be no superfluous weight of bone, tendon 
or muscle. Such a form is most consistent with the greatest 
neatness and beauty, consequently many thoroughbreds are of 
most beautiful contour. This is not universally the case, some 
successful racers having been large framed, heavy headed, and 
plain looking, but such are exceptions to the general rule. 

The color of the thoroughbred is generally bay or chestnut, 
varying to black, gray and roan ; the latter colors, however, 
being very unusual. His skin and hair are firm, and the veins 
which underlie the skin more prominent than in other breeds. 
His size ranges from fifteen to sixteen and one half hands— the 
former being considered small, and the latter rather large. The 
American thoroughbred, however, excels his English progenitor 
in this respect. 



THE TROTTING HORSE. 

Three principal breeds of trotting horses have been developed 
since the closing years of the eighteenth century; one, known as 
the Norfolk trotters, originated in England, 1790-1800; the 
second, the Orloff trotters, was established in Russia through the 
energy and skill of Count Alexis Orloff, at about the same period; 
and the third, the American trotting horse, was founded by the 
English thoroughbred, Messenger, foaled in England in 1780, and 
imported to Philadelphia in 1788, where he was kept for stud 
service several years, ending his life in the vicinity of New York 
in 1808. 

This celebrated horse was a gray, fifteen hands, three inches 
high, and stoutly built. He was rather upright in the shoulders 
and low on the withers, and had a short, straight neck and large, 
bony head. His loins and hind-quarters were very muscular, his 
windpipe and nostrils of unusual size, his joints large, his limbs 
medium sized, but flat and clean. 

Messenger was imported and used in the stud simply as an or- 
dinary thoroughbred horse. At that time trotting was but little 
in vogue, since the carriages of the day were toe cumbersome for 
comfort, either to horse or rider, and hence the favorite method 
of locomotion was in the saddle, for which method the trotting 
gait is but little adapted; consequently it is not known whether 
Messenger himself possessed more than ordinary speed as a trot- 
ter, nor is our knowledge of his immediate descendants more 
complete. It was not until his grandchildren came upon the 
turf that this peculiar quality of his blood was discovered. 

The sons of Messenger, to whom most of the fastest trotters 
of to-day trace their lineage, were Plato, Engineer, Commander, 
Why-Not, Mount Holly, Mambrino, and Hambletonian. Of 
these the most celebrated was Mambrino, who was a thorough- 
bred, a bright bay, sixteen hands high, and, like his sire, upright 




[15] 



THE TROTTING HORSE. 17 

in the shoulders. He was rather a coarse horse, with a rapid 
walk and trot, and running speed of the first order. He was the 
sire of Abdallah, who also traced his lineage to Messenger on the 
side of his dam. From Abdallah, in turn, are descended many 
of the most celebrated trotting horses, including Rysdyk's Ham- 
bletonian and Mambrino Paymaster," sire of Mambrino Chief, 
sire of Lady Thorne, Mambrino Pilot, Bay Chief, etc. Abdallah 
was foaled in 1826, the property of Mr. John Tread well, of 
Jamaica, Long Island. In 1840 he was sold to Mr. John W. 
Hunt, of Lexington, Kentucky, but was brought back the next 
year, and died in 1852. 

Hambletonian, the next in celebrity to Mambrino of the sons 
of Messenger, was also thoroughbred. He was a dark bay, fifteen 
hands, one inch high, and beautifully formed. He was the sire 
of Topgallant, Whalebone, Sir Peter, Trouble, and Shakspeare, 
all of whom ranked among the best of American trotters. 

The other sons of Messenger have won less renown through 
their descendants, although many valuable horses are descended 
from them. It is generally found that horses which show 
unusual speed as trotters, if their pedigrees can be traced back 
far enough, are descended, in some line, from Messenger. 

One of the most celebrated of the later descendants of Mes- 
senger was the horse called Rysdyk's Hambletonian, from being 
the property of William H. Rysdyk (pronounced Risedick), of 
Orange county, New. York. This horse was foaled in 1849 and 
died in 1876. He was the sire of one thousand, three hundred 
and twenty-four foals. For the last five or six years of his life 
the charge for service was one hundred dollars cash in advance, 
and four hundred more when the mare was known to be with 
foal. His total fees amounted to more than $200,000. This 
horse was the sire of Dexter, of Alexander's Abdallah, who 
was the sire of Goldsmith Maid, and of many others more or 
less noted for their speed, but of his thirteen hundred and 
twenty-four foals only thirty have trotted in 2 :30 or less, con- 
sequently but a small proportion of his foals were worth their 
cost. 



18 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

Another class of speedy trotters has been bred from horses 
that were originally fast pacers, and were supposed to have 
descended from a breed known many years ago as the Narragan- 
sett Pacers, which was supposed to be of Spanish origin. In 
color the horses of this origin are frequently roans or duns, thus 
showing a different ancestry from the thoroughbred, but they 
equal the thoroughbred in endurance. Another line of pacers 
which has done much toward the improvement of the American 
trotting horse was headed by a black pacing and trotting horse, 
of unknown ancestry further than that he was called a Canadian 
horse, who was foaled about 1826 and died about 1855. This 
horse was known as Old Pacer Pilot. He was very fast, both as 
a pacer and trotter, and sired some very fast trotters, who owed 
none of their speed to Messenger blood. His record as a pacer is 
2 : 26, with a weight on his back of one hundred and sixty-five 
pounds. Among the fast trotters who have been converted from 
the pacing gait is Smuggler, whose record of 2 : 15 J is the lowest 
ever reached by a stallion. The celebrated Maud S., whose record 
of 2 : 10J is the lowest ever reached by any trotter, traces her 
lineage on the side of her sire to Messenger, through Old Ab- 
dallah, and on the side of the dam to Old Pacer Pilot. This 
wonderful mare also numbers among her ancestry the horse 
Bellfounder, a horse of unknown lineage, but whose descendants 
have in many cases proved valuable as trotters. He was foaled in 
England about 1817, and was brought to Boston in 1823. His 
appearance indicated that he was nearly thoroughbred. It is 
only when his blood has been mingled with that of Messenger 
that anything more than a good carriage gait has been developed. 
Maud S. was bred by A. J. Alexander, of Kentucky, being foaled 
March 28, 1874- She is a chestnut, full fifteen and three fourths 
hands high, and weighs, in trotting condition, 940 pounds. As a 
yearling she was sold to Captain James Burgher (since deceased), 
of Cincinnati, for $325, and at three years old to Captain G. N. 
Stone, of the same city, for $350. As a four-year-old, Maud S. 
made, at Lexington, Kentucky, October 26, 1878, the unprece- 
dented time of 2 : 17J, and was immediately sold to W. H. 



THE TROTTING HORSE. 



19 



Yanderbilt for $21,000. On the 11th of August, 1881, this time 
was lowered to 2 : 10J, being the fattest trotting time ever 
made. 

We present below the pedigree of Maud S., the names of 
thoroughbreds appearing in italics : 



fAbdallah 



Harold 



Hanibleto'n 



Mambrino, by Messenger. 
Amazonia, breeding unknown. 



n , jt ,, r Bellfounder, breeding unknown. 
C has. Kent s j 0ne Eye ^ by Bishop's Hambletonian, 
mare ^ by Me8Senger . 



f Abdallah 



Enchantress 



f Mambrino, by Messenger. 

{ Amazonia, breeding unknown. 



[ Daughter of j 



OldPacerPilot 



Bellfounder, breeding unknown. 
Unknown. 

Unknown. 
Unknown. 



r Pilot, Jr. 



Helen 
Russell 



Nancy Pope 



Sally Russell \ 



(Havoc, by Sir Charleston of Sir 
J Archy. 

j Nancy Taylor, by Craig's Alfred, by 
{ Medley. 

iTimoleon, by Sir Archy. 
Daughter of Florizel, he by sire of 
Sir Archy. 

{Thornton's Rattler, by Sir Archy. 
Miss Slupherd, by Stockholder, by Sir 
Archy. 



( Boston 



It will be seen from the preceding that the trotting horse is 
not necessarily a thoroughbred, although a connection on one 
side or both with the Messenger family of thoroughbreds seems 
essential to the greatest speed in trotting. 

In point of usefulness, the trotter must be regarded as far 
superior to the thoroughbred, since his gait is one of great value 
in many kinds of business, and the improvement which has been 
affected in it by the wide diffusion of his blood throughout the 
common stock of the country has been very great. As an indi- 
cation of the advance which has been made in this direction, a 
recently published table which gives the names of all horses that 
have trotted a mile in 2 : 25 or better up to the close of 1879, 



31, 


1876, 


16, 


1859, 


23, 


1872, 



20 THE HANDY HOESE BOOK. 

includes three hundred and seventeen trotters, all of which, ex- 
cept twenty-five, were living when the table was published. This 
shows that this rate of speed was very unusual only a horse- 
generation ago, but it is now so common that a less rate is not 
considered especially promising. 

The following are a few of the fastest trotting and pacing 
records up to July, 1880 : 

THOTTING IN HAKNESS. 

One mile, first heat— St. Julien, Oakland Park, Cal., Oct. 25, 1879, 2 m., 12% s*. 

One mile, 'second heat— Rarus, Hertford, Conn., Aug. 23, 1878, 2 m., 13% »• 

One mile, third heat— Rarus, Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1878, 2 m., 13% s. 

One mile, fourth heat— Lula, Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1875, 2 m., 17 s. 

One mile, fifth heat— Smuggler, Cleveland, Ohio, July 27, 1876, 2 m., 17% s. 

One mile, sixth heat — Goldsmith Maid, Hartford, Conn., Aug. 
2 m., 19% s. 

Two miles — Flora Temple, Eclipse Course, Long Island, Aug. 
4 m., 50% s. 

Three miles — Huntress, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, L. L, Sept. 
7 m., 21% s. 

Four miles— Trustee, Union Course, L. I., June 13, 1849, 11 m., 6 s. 

Five miles— Lady Mack, San Francisco, Cal., April 2, 1874, 13 m. 

Ten miles— Controller, San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 23, 1878, 27 m., 28% s. 

Fifteen miles— Girda, San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 6, 1874, 47 m., 20 s. 

Twenty miles — Capt. McGowan, Boston, Mass., 1865, 58 m., 25 s. 

Fifty miles— Ariel, Albany, N. Y., 1846, 3 h., 55 m., 40% s. 

One hundred miles — Conqueror, Long Island, Nov. 12, 1853, 8 h., 55 m., 53 s, 

PACING. 

One mile in harness — Sleepy Tom, Chicago, 111., July 25, 1879, 2 m., 12 % s. 
One mile under saddle— Billy Boyce, Buff-do, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1868, 2 m., 14% s. 
One mile to wagon — Pocahontas, June 21, 1855, 2 m., 17% s. 
Two miles under saddle — Bowery Boy, Long Island, 1839, 5 m., 4% s. 
Two miles in harness — Hero, May 17, 1853, 4 m., 56% s. 

Three miles under saddle — Oneida Chief, Beacon Park, N. J., 1843, 7 m., 44 s. 
Three miles in harness — Harry White, San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 8, 1874> 
7 m., 57% s. 

With regard to the comparative merits of thoroughbreds and 
trotters as useful horses, we quote with approval the following 

*Since lowered to 2:11%, and beaten by Maud S. in 2:10%. 



THE TROTTING HORSE. 21 

extract from a letter written by a correspondent of the National 
Live Stock Journal: 

" It is a well known fact, that the sole object aimed at by 
breeders of thoroughbred horses for centuries past has been 
adaptation to racing. Everything has been sacrificed to this one 
object. Tractability, docility, sweetness of temper, beauty of 
form — in short, every thing that does not have a direct bearing 
upon the value of the horse for racing purposes, has been entirely 
lost sight of by breeders of thoroughbreds, not only in this 
country, but in England; and the result is, that the infirmities of 
temper alone, which have been part and parcel of this race, are 
so great as to render most thoroughbreds utterly unfit for the 
farmers' use, and dangerous even as a cross. The theory is a 
beautiful one, that all excellencies come from the thoroughbred, 
and that to engraft stamina and stoutness upon any breed, this 
cross must be used. Gentlemen of the old school, who have 
come down to us from a former generation, never grow weary of 
sounding the praise of the thoroughbred, and always prescribe 
this cross as the panacea that will cure all the defects of modern 
breeds; but I am certain that those who hold such extravagant 
notions as to the virtue of this cross have been voluntarily deaf 
and blind to all that the last twenty years have taught us. 

" There is excellence in the thoroughbred, but it is not without 
a great deal of alloy; and I am firmly of the opinion that our 
best bred trotting strains have as much of it as is profitable for 
the farmer's horse to possess. Indeed, I am decidedly of the 
opinion that our American trotting horses are quite as highly 
endowed with stamina and endurance as are the thoroughbreds ; 
and when to this we add the other qualities that adapt them to 
useful purposes, there is no comparison. I might cite numerous 
cases, I might name score of trotters that have manifested powers 
of endurance upon the turf year after year, that would put to 
shame anything that could be instanced from the running turf, 
and most of them have been good for something besides the use 
of the gambler — the only man who has use for a race-horse. 
But it is no use to waste space with names. Every horseman is 



22 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

" It seems to me to be a fact patent to all observant men who 
are of this generation, and not of the past, that we have in the 
American trotting horse the very highest product of the breeder's 
art in all the useful qualities, and that in leaving this and going 
back to the thoroughbred we voluntarily shut our eyes and refuse 
to accept the benefit of what has been done for us by former 
generations. 

" That witty writer, Oliver Wendell Holmes, has pretty fairly 
expressed the relative uses to which thoroughbreds and trotters 
have been bred, in the following caustic paragraph: 'The racer 
is incidentally useful, but essentially something to bet upon, as 
much as the thimble-rigger's . " little joker." The trotter is 
essentially and daily useful, and only incidentally a tool for 
sporting men. * * * Wherever the trotting horse goes, he 
carries in his train brisk omnibuses, lively bakers' carts (and 
therefore hot rolls), the jolly butcher's wagon, the cheerful gig, 
the wholesome afternoon drive with wife and child — all the 
forces of excellence, except truth, which does not agree with any 
kind of horse flesh. The racer brings with him gambling, 
cursing, swearing, drinking, the eating of oysters, and a distaste 
for mob-caps and the middle-aged virtues.' 

"It is possible that Dr. Holmes may have drawn it a little 
strong, but still he has given expression to what everybody 
knows to be the truth — that running horses have for generations 
past been bred for sporting purposes, while the trotter is emi- 
nently the product of our utilitarian age." 



THE ORLOFF TROTTERS. 

The following history and description of this breed of horses, 
which has recently attracted considerable attention in America, 
is taken from the National Live Stock Journal, of Chicago, for 
July, 1877: 

"The OrlofJ horse takes its name from Count Alexis Orloff 
Tschismensky, an enthusiastic horseman of Russia, who, as early 
as 1775, imported from Arabia a gray stallion named Smetanxa, 
said to have been of unusual size and strength. A Danish mare 
was bred to this imported Arabian stallion, and the produce was 
a horse known as Polkau 1st. - From a union of this half-blood 
with a Dutch mare sprang a stallion known as Bars 1st, who is 
generally known as the progenitor of the Orion 2 race of trotters. 
The fame of this quarter-blood, Bars 1st, was chiefly perpetuated 
through his sons, Lubeznay 1st, Lebed 1st, and Dobroy 1st. 

" Count Orloff and his successor, V. T. Shiskin, devoted them- 
selves assiduously to the improvement of these horses, selecting 
their stallions exclusively from the foundation above alluded to, 
but resorting frequently to English and Dutch mares of known 
excellence; so that the Orion 2 trotter, like the American, is of a 
mixed origin; and neither the Arab, the Barb, nor the English 
thoroughbred, can claim exclusive paternity in either case. 

" Selection and crossing with a view to adaptation for a specific 
use has accomplished the work of creating in both countries a 
race of trotting horses. Count Orloff was an intelligent enthu- 
siast in the business — as all successful breeders have been — and 
he persistently refused to part with any of his entire horses, pre- 
ferring that he alone should dictate the choice of sires to be used 
to perpetuate and improve the race. After his death the stud 
was scattered — a considerable portion of it passed into the posses- 
sion of the crown, several private studs were established and a 
stud book was instituted to aid in the work of keeping the race 

[23] 



24 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

free from further admixture, although with the Russians, as with 
us, the question is not very well settled as to what constitutes 
the best trotting pedigree, and purity of blood is rather a vague 
and indefinite term when applied to the Orloff as well as to the 
American trotter. The count had been an enthusiastic patron of 
the race course, as a means of developing and testing the powers 
of his horses, and since his time the government has given its 
powerful aid to promote the same object, not only by establish- 
ing breeding studs, but by furnishing more than one half of the 
prize money that is contested for at these trotting races, which 
have been held regularly in that country for the past fifty-three 
years. Russian trials of speed are regulated by law, and the 
driver or owner who violates any of the rules which have been 
laid down to secure fair contests, is liable to take an uncere- 
monious trip to Siberia at government expense — a punishment 
that, as might be supposed, is much more effectual in suppressing 
fraud than is that of an edict of expulsion issued by our National 
Trotting Association. 

" We have before us, as we write, a statement of the best 
time at all distances in Russia each year, for fifteen years 
past, from which it would appear that no improvement has 
been made in the speed or endurance of the Orlofr* trotter 
during the last five years. The fastest time ever made for 
one verst (1,350 feet) was 1:40, by Potieshnoy in 1869, which 
rate of speed, if kept up for one mile, would be a very little below 
2:31. This rate of speed has never been reached by any other 
Russian horse, the nearest approach to it being 1:42 J. The same 
horse has the best record at 'three versts, being 5:00, equal to two 
miles in 5:01 J. This appears to have been an exceptional case, 
however, as the next best performances are three versts in 5 :06 
once, and 5:07 twice. The best time for four and a half versts is 
7:52, equal to 7:54| for three miles. For seven and a half versts 
the best time is 13:49, equal to 13:56| for five miles. For thirty 
versts the best time is 1 :08.30, equal to twenty miles in 1 :08.53J, 
which is, by over three minutes, the best performance by a 
Russian horse at that distance. 



THE 0RL0FF TROTTERS. 25 

" Comparing these records with those of our American trotters, 
we find the following: 

BEST RUSSIAN TIME. 

One Mile... 2:31 

Two Miles 5:01% 

Three Miles 7:52% 

Five Miles 13:56% 

Twenty Miles 1:08.53% 

BEST AMEEICAN TIME. DIFFERENCE. 

One Mile., 2:14 17 Seconds. 

TwoMiles 4:50%.. 1134 " 

Three Miles. 7:21% 31% " 

FiveMiles 13:00 56% " 

Twenty Miles 58:25 10:28% " 

" From the foregoing, the superiority of American trotters at 
all distances is very clearly shown; as we do not share in the 
often-expressed opinion that our system of training, our tracks, 
and our vehicles are materially better than the Russian, about 
700 American trotters have beaten the best one-mile time made 
in Russia; and although two-mile races are not common in this 
country, the exceptionally fast time of 5:01f for that distance 
made by Potieshnoy has been beaten by nearly all of our great 
trotters; and we have no doubt but that we have fifty trotters in 
training to-day that are capable of beating that time by several 
seconds. No Orloff trotter has ever succeeded in trotting twenty 
miles within an hour by nearly nine minutes, while five American 
horses have compassed that distance within the hour. Another 
point of contrast, in which the American trotter shows at a great 
advantage over his Russian competitor, appears to be in cam- 
paigning properties. The oldest reported Orloff winner is twelve 
years. Goldsmith Maid is in her prime at twenty. Pietel, the 
most noted Orloff campaigner, was a winner for four successive 
years; the Maid has been a winner for thrice that length of time, 
while most of our great trotters have steadily improved until 
they were fifteen or sixteen years of age. 

"It is also worthy of note, that while the Russian trotter 
appears to have attained his maximum of speed several years ago 
the improvement on the part of our American horses in this 



26 



THE HANDY HOKSE BOOK. 



respect, within the past ten years, has been .truly wonderful. 
The records of the Buffalo Trotting Association, since 1866, make 
the following showing: 



YEAR. AVERAGE TIME. 

1866 2:3834 

1867 2:3434 

1868 2:31 % 

1869 2:29% 

1870 2:28% 

1871 2:25% 



YEAR. AVERAGE TIME. 

1872 2:26 

1873 2:2634 

1874 2:24^ 

1875 2:25% 

1876 2:23 



"Here we see that the average time of the heats has been 
reduced from 2:38 J in 1866 to 2:23 in 1876, showing an average 
increase in speed of about one and one half seconds per year. 
Certainly the showing for speed and endurance of the Orloff 
trotter does not compare favorably with the American, although 
the former undoubtedly possesses both of these qualities to a high 
degree. It is claimed, however, that in beauty of form the Orloff 
is greatly the superior of our American production; but here, 
again, we must be permitted to put in a demurrer; for, if the 
animals that we have seen may be taken as fair specimens of the 
breed, the facts are certainly the reverse of this statement. Our 
breeders will certainly object to the prevailing color of the Orloffs, 
as, upon an analysis of the winners in that country, we find that 
55 per cent, are grays, 24 per cent, blacks, 14 per cent, bays or 
browns, and 6 per cent, light bays. 1 ' 



THE DRAFT HORSE. 

We have referred to the heavy horses of Normandy and 
Flanders as being the parent stock from which have sprung the 
draft breeds of England, as well as those of modern France. 
Undoubtedly the fertile plains of those regions, with their abund- 
ant supplies of food, had done much toward the development of 
the bulky frames of their breeds of horses; but in this develop- 
ment nature had probably been assisted by the early monasteries, 
whose concentrated wealth and comparative security from the 
vandalism which was so rampant during the middle ages, not only 
drew within their walls men whose peaceful inclinations and 
desire for the spiritual and temporal advancement of their fellows 
unfitted them for the turmoils of the ordinary life of the period, 
but gave them the opportunity to pursue their inclinations in 
various ways. 

Thus we not only owe to these establishments the preservation 
of literature and art during a period when kings and nobles con- 
sidered the pursuit of learning, even to the extent of being able 
to read and write, an employment fifc only for those too weak or 
effeminate to follow the "nobler 11 pursuit of war, but the vast 
landed estates attached to most of the monasteries, and their 
comparative immunity from the devastations of war, gave oppor- 
tunity (which was undoubtedly sometimes improved) for the 
improvement of the domestic animals which were -kept upon 
them. 

But however this may be, there can be no doubt that much of 
the great size, the powerful frame and the quick action of the 
best draft horses of to-day is due to the demand of the armored 
knight of the feudal ages for a horse which should have the 
strength, the speed and the endurance to carry him, with his suit 
of steel, and his heavy sword, axe and lance, through those terri- 

[27] 



28 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

ble hand-to-hand battles, where the victory was frequently due 
as much to the superior endurance or manageability of the steed 
as to the prowess of his rider. In these battles the contesting 
horsemen frequently came together with such force that their 
steeds would be thrown upon their haunches, or completely over- 
thrown; hence, the advantage of simple weight in the latter is 
apparent. 

The first record of the use of the horse in agriculture is in the 
Bayeux tapestry, wrought by the wife of William the Conquerer. 

THE DRAFT HORSE OF FRANCE. 

There have been various infusions of foreign blood, chiefly that 
of the thoroughbred, into the draft horse of France, and no stud- 
book has been kept with this breed as with the thoroughbred, 
consequently it shows considerable variation, both in form and 
color, and attempts have been made to divide it into the sub- 
breeds of Flemish, Percheron, Boulonnaise horses, etc* In 
America, especially, the name "Percheron" has become firmly 
fixed to the French draft-horse. This breed, whether it be called 
Norman, Norman-Percheron, or Percheron, undoubtedly origina- 
ted in Normandy, and from Normandy and Flanders are yet 
brought the heaviest specimens of the French draft-horse. La 
Perche, which lies to the south-east of Normandy, is a small de- 
partment, its territory being comprised in an ellipse about sixty 
by seventy-five miles in size. The farmers of this department 
seem to have turned their attention, early in the present century, 
to the breeding of horses for the omnibusses of Paris, and for 
their purpose found in the lighter and more active of the horses 
of Normandy a suitable basis. With the advent of railroads the 
demand for omnibus-horses decreased, while that for those 
adapted to heavy draft improved, as did also the facilities for 
inter-communication between different provinces, which rendered 
more common the breeding of the stallions of one district upon 
the mares of another, a practice which the government has 
fostered by keeping stallions for public service at various stations 




[29] 



THE DRAFT HORSE. \ 31 

throughout the country. Taking these facts into consideration, 
together with the fact that no attempt has been made to preserve 
by means of a stud-book the pedigrees of. any of the animals used, 
while any draft-horse imported from France, or whose pedigree 
traces to such imported horses, is eligible to entry in the Ameri- 
can stud-books of "Norman" or "Percheron-Nornian" horses, it 
is evident that the present dispute over the proper name for this 
breed is simply absurd, that both the names now in use should be 
dropped, and that of "French-draft" substituted, just as we use 
"English-draft" or "English-cart" in speaking of the powerful 
draft-horse of England. But, since these horses were known in 
this country as "Norman" long before the name "Percheron" was 
heard, it seems doubly absurd to drop the former name in favor 
of the latter. 

The prevailing color of the French draft-horse of to-day is gray, 
varying into black, white, bay, and occasionally *into roan or 
chestnut. Of 877 stallions whose color is given in the first edi- 
tion of the National Register of Norman Horses 714 are gray, 86 
black, 40 bay, 11 brown, 11 white, 10 roan, 4 chestnut, and 1 
sorrel. 

In disposition the French draft-horse is exceptionally patient, a 
fact which adds much to his value for agricultural purposes; and 
though his pedigree has not been preserved with the care which 
the English have devoted to their improved animals generally, yet 
his uniformity of color, shape, and general character, show that 
he may be depended upon to perpetuate his characteristics in a 
marked degree, a fact established by the great improvement made 
in the American draft-horse since the first introduction of the 
Norman. 

There is little doubt that the French draft-horse made his first 
appearance on this continent in Canada, where he was no doubt 
imported by the French colonists of that country at an early day 
in its history, as we have no record of the first importation. The 
Canadian Norman, horse, however, although considerably smaller 
han his French ancestor, became very popular throughout the 
eastern and northern United States, where his blood entered not 



32 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

only into the draft-horse of the period, but also into the trotting 
horse, which to-day owes much of his strength and endurance to 
this infusion. 

The first recorded importation of the French-Normans into the 
United States was made in 1839, by Mr. Edward Harris, of 
Moorestown, New Jersey, who brought over in that year a stal- 
lion and two mares, and followed this importation with several 
others in later years. The first importation into the region west 
of the Alleghanies was made by Dr. Brown, of Circleville, Ohio, 
and the Fullingtons, of Union county, Ohio. In 1865 Dr. A. G. 
Vanhoorbeke, of New Boston, Illinois, made the first direct im- 
portation into that state; but now Illinois annually imports these 
horses by the hundred, to supply a constantly increasing demand, 
for the western farmer has found that he can raise a Norman 
colt almost or quite as cheaply as a Short Horn steer, while 
he can sell the colt for twice as much as he can get for the 
steer. Thus far the surplus production of these horses has been 
eagerly bought up by the eastern cities, and so well do they satisfy 
the requirements made upon them there that the demand for 
them constantly outruns the supply. 

The following paragraph, by the editor of the Norman Register, 
aptly and without exaggeration expresses the esteem in which 
this horse is held: 

" Since 1851 the Norman horse has crossed the Alleghanies, the 
Ohio, the Wabash, the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rockies; and 
everywhere he thrives, grows in favor, and maintains his im- 
perishable individuality. From the Atlantic to the Pacific, in 
everjr territory, he is, in type, in qualities, in disposition, the same 
peerless animal. His power, his endurance, his unequalled kind- 
ness and tractability have won for him the warmest chamber in 
the heart of the breeder and the most exalted place in the public 
favor. Stallion-keepers love him because he is easily managed, a 
sure foal-getter, and an incomparable improver of common 
horses. Farmers love him because he is easily reared, cheaply 
kept, no trouble to break, excellent at the plow, invincible at the 
wagon, and always marketable at the very best prices. Teamsters 



THE DKAFT house. 38 

and freight-haulers love him because he never balks, always takes 
a load with him when he goes, and, with half a chance, keeps in 
good condition. Dealers admire him because he is so gentle in 
handling, and is a never-failing source of profit. In a word, he is 
a universal favorite." 

THE CLYDESDALES. 

In previous pages we have shown that the various draft breeds 
of Great Britain and France must have had a common origin, or 
an infusion of common blood, at the time of the Conquest, and 
that this community of blood must have been, to some extent, 
perpetuated by importations of the Norman stock into England 
during the interludes between the subsequent Anglo-French 
wars. History, however, gives us but little information upon 
this point until within the past century. 

Within a comparatively recent period a breed of heavy draft 
horses has come into prominence in Scotland, which has been 
called, from the place of its origin, the Clydesdale. The follow- 
ing account of the origin of this breed is condensed from the 
introduction to the Clydesdale Stud Book, issued in Great Britain 
in 1879: 

u Two theories have been advanced with regard to the origin of 
the Clydesdale breed of horses : the first being that the breed is 
the result of a cross between the native Scotch mares and some 
Flemish stallions imported into Scotland by one of the Dukes of 
Hamilton more than two centuries ago; the second, that its 
origin is of a later date, though still due to a cross of the Flemish 
blood. The first theory seems to be unsupported by the facts, as 
there are neither records nor local traditions relative to the im- 
portation of Flemish stallions referred to ; but there is a well 
authenticated tradition that at some time between 1715 and 1720 
one John Peterson, of Lochlyoch, parish of Carmichael, brought 
from England a black Flemish stallion, which so greatly im- 
proved the breed of the neighborhood as to make it noted all over 
Scotland. It is probable that the horses of this section were of 
better than the average quality previous to the introduction of 



34 The handy horse boos. 

this horse, as it lies on the old drove road between England and 
Scotland, thus affording unusual facilities for the interchange of 
the live-stock of the two countries. 

u The next noted sire in this breed was Glaucer (335), com- 
monly called "Thomson's Black Horse 1 ' from his owner. Glaucer 
was descended, on the side of the dam at least, from the Lochlyoch 
stock. He was foaled in 1810, and for many years stood in the 
valley of the Clyde, between Lanark and Glasgow, leaving a 
strong impression on all Clydesdale stock. 

" At about this time the Highland and Agricultural Society 
(then -the Highland Society) had begun to take an interest in this 
breed of horses, and did much towards establishing the uniformity 
of color which now characterizes it, by ruling that all animals 
entered for competition at their shows should be either black 
bays or brown bays, thus checking the reproduction of other 
colors, especially grays, which had previously been very common. 
From this time . forth the Clydesdales were carefully bred, until 
to-day they hold a deservedly high rank as improvers of common 
horses, standing next to the Normans, as judged by the number 
imported, in the estimation of the American people. 

" In color the Clydes are mostly bay, varying occasionally to 
black, brown, sorrel or gray; they nearly all have white faces and 
white feet, and frequently have white spots about the belly. In 
size they average somewhat larger than the Normans, and they 
are usually longer in the body and in the hind-quarters than the 
Normans. An abundance of long hair on the legs is considered 
a good point in a well-bred Clydesdale." 

CLEVELAND BAYS. 

Three breeds of draft horses have been extensively cultivated 
in England: the Cleveland Bay, the Suffolk Punch, and the 
Shire, or cart horse. Of these the Cleveland Bay was first 
noticed in Yorkshire, where, in the latter part of the last century, 
the vicinity of Cleveland became noted for producing a heavy 
horse suitable for coach or cavalry purposes. These horses 




[35] 



THE DRAFT HORSE. 37 

originated in a cross between the thoroughbred and the large 
native horses of the country, and as first bred were very large and 
strong, and were properly rated as light-draft horses, the heavy 
coaches and bad roads of those days rendering it necessary to use 
horses of a great deal of power as roadsters. But as modern 
methods of travel superseded the old-fashioned coach, and the 
roads of the country were improved, a demand arose for a lighter 
and finer horse than the old Cleveland Bay, which demand was 
met by a further infusion of the blood of the race-horse, and as 
now bred these horses are simply large carriage horses, weighing 
about 1,200 pounds, uniform in style and color, good travelers, 
and well worthy of cultivating as family or light business horses. 

THE SUFFOLK PUNCH. 

This horse is thus described in the National Live Stock Journal 
by the Hon. Samuel Dysart: 

" The Suffolk Punch is the draft-horse of the midland counties, 
and derives its name from the county of Suffolk, where history 
first finds it, and the square, compact form of their bodies. Their 
breeders are now proposing to call them the 'agricultural horse, 1 
but undoubtedly their original name will follow them. Their 
origin is unknown. Some breeders claim them to be descended 
from the ancient Norman race; but, like all the horses of western 
Europe, the reliable part of their history is very brief. It is evi- 
dent that, for many years, they have been bred with uniformity, 
and the object has been to produce fine action, combined with 
size and strength. The breed is better defined than that of any 
other English draft horses. Their uniformity in size and color — 
nearly all being of a chestnut-sorrel, with silver mane and tail — 
proves this fact. Their average weight is about 1,500 pounds. 
Their bodies throughout indicate great strength and easy keep, 
being handsomely molded together. Their limbs are of moder- 
ate length, muscular and bony, and are free from long hairs on 
the lower portions. The feet are medium in size, with horny 
hoofs. In walking they have a long and quick step, and a 



38 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 

swinging trot that saves the muscles of the shoulders. They 
have an excellent reputation for being true when put to the test 
in drawing a heavy load; never refusing to exert their utmost 
power again and again at the word of their driver. Every person 
is likely to have a preference according to his own ideas, and I am 
free to say that, from my own stand-point, I believe that for the 
uses in our country as a draft-horse the Suffolk Punch is prefer- 
able to all others seen by me." 

THE ENGLISH CAKT OR SHIRE HORSE. 

The description of this horse we also quote from Mr. Dysart: 
" Modern history finds in England the same large race of black 
horses that were known at an earlier date as existing on the con- 
tinent, along the coast of the North Sea. It is reasonable to 
suppose that they were taken to England by the invasions of war. 
Their improvement dates to the last century, by importing stal- 
lions from Holland. Afterwards, the importations of mares 
followed from the same place, and crossed oppositely. From that 
time there has been a continual improvement by selection and 
breeding for large and powerful draft-horses, known as cart 
horses, and which are fairly established as a distinct breed, but 
they can not with justice be said to be free from late crosses. 
Being the production of the North of England, we have every 
reason to believe that, even at the present time, there is some 
mixture between them and the Scotch Clydesdale, if we would 
judge by the breeds themselves. Be that as it may, the English 
cart horses are real giants of their species.. From them come the 
famous brewers' horses of London, which average a full ton in 
weight. They have every appearance of being Herculean in 
strength, and, for an animal so large, they have a form that is 
attractive in symmetry, and may be thus described in representa- 
tive beasts: 

u The head is rather short for the size of the animal, but heavy 
in appearance; face broad, and oval on lower part; mouth large, 
and lips thick; eyes small, with placid expression; ears broad, 



THE DRAFT HORSE. 30 

thick, and short; neck arched, heavy at throat, and thickening 
almost in line to shoulder points; shoulder moderately slanting, 
but the withers extending well back; the trunk of the body is 
very round, and the loin bones reach forward so as to make the 
coupling short; the rump bones are wide apart, but not promi- 
nent, the rump drooping to the tail; buttocks thick and round, 
which makes the quarter look short; the upper limbs are of pro- 
portioned size, and well shaped; the lower part rather heavy but 
bony, with long hair on the after-part ; feet very large, and quite 
flat on the bottom. That these horses have great strength, there 
can be no doubt; but nature never intended them to trot or run, 
and their walking pace is very slow. Their mission is at the 
heavy dray, drawing great loads, where time is of no value. 
They never will give satisfaction to Young America." 

With regard to the similarity between the English cart horse 
and the Scotch Clydesdale, Mr. Dysart further says: 

* The Scotch appear to have only one favorite large horse for 
draft, and that is the Clydesdale — so named from the river Clyde, 
as along the valley of that stream they were first brought to 
public notice. There can be little doubt that they are of similar 
origin to the English cart horse. * * * The English breed- 
ers told me that the Scotch breeders of the Clydes had come over 
and bought mares of the cart-horse breed to improve the Clydes; 
while the Scotchman claims the opposite to be the case. They 
manifest strong feeling in this matter; and T am not prepared to 
say either is correct, but if I were to judge by comparing the two 
breeds of horses there are many points of similarity between them 
that would give good ground for believing both stories ; yet it is 
plain that there has been a different object pursued in the breed- 
ing of these horses. The English breeders seem to have aimed 
solely at size and strength, without action; while the more far- 
seeing Scotchman had in view size and strength, combined with 
quick motion, which they have succeeded quite well in obtaining 
in their horses. The result has given them a superiority which 
renders them desirable for many purposes, and therefore more 
valuable in the general markets than the English horse." 



THE MORGAN HORSE. 

Among the strains which have been most popular with Ameri- 
can breeders, should be included that known as the Morgan; 
which originated in a self-colored bay horse, about 14 hands 
high, and weighing about 950 pounds, that was foaled in Mas- 
sachusetts in 1793, and taken to Vermont (when a colt) by Justin 
Morgan. This horse was got by "True Briton, 1 ' who was probably 
a thoroughbred, but thistpoint is uncertain. Justin Morgan died 
soon after j;he purchase of the colt, which was thereafter called 
by his name. He was a quick-stepping, sure-footed, hardy horse, 
very showy, and was very popular as a saddle-horse among the 
commanding officers at the general musters of those days. He 
died in 1821, at Chelsea, Vermont. Among the most famous of 
his sons were Sherman Morgan, Bulrush Morgan, and Woodbury 
Morgan, while Vermont Black Hawk was undoubtedly the most 
famous of his grandsons. 

Had this horse fallen into the hands of such intelligent breed- 
ers as those who founded the Short-horn cattle and Leicester 
sheep, he would undoubtedly have become the progenitor of a 
strongly marked and most valuable breed. As it is, his descend- 
ants are found scattered far and wide over the country, still 
bearing the marks of color, form, endurance and disposition 
which characterized him, although but little intelligent care has 
been bestowed upon their breeding, but few pedigrees being 
kept, and these tracing generally only through the line of the 
sires. 



[40] 



CO 
O" 




[41] 



PART II. 

BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 

THE PKINCIPLES OF BKEEDING. 

The science of stock-breeding is practically in its infancy, yet 
it has already grown into such proportions that its thorough dis- 
cussion is impossible here. The most that can be done is to 
outline a few of the most clearly established facts and most widely 
accepted theories, with the hope that they will lead the reader to 
further investigation. Certainly there are few subjects to which 
the stock-growing farmer can devote his attention with more 
hope of profit than this; for, upon the proper interpretation of 
the laws which control the transmission of . qualities, has depended 
the success of those breeders of our domestic animals who have 
made theii names famous by their improvements upon the com- 
mon stock of the country. It is very true that many of these 
breeders have been guided rather by intuition than by any 
knowledge of formulated laws; but as we look back upon their 
work, and compare the results obtained by different methods, we 
are enabled to see clearly many truths at which they only guessed, 
and may thus work in the light of certainty where they groped in 
the darkness of conjecture. 

The foundation of all successful breeding is based upon the 
principle of heredity, a principle whose influence will scarcely be 
denied by any one who has ever paid any attention to the subject, 
although there is yet a considerable diversity of opinion as to the 
amount of this influence. As knowledge progresses in collateral 
directions, however, men are becoming more and more convinced 
of the greatness of this influence, and this is especially the case 
with those who have longest studied its effects in the breeding of 

[43] 



44 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

domestic animals, as is evidenced by the value placed upon 
pedigree by a constantly widening circle of the most intelligent 
breeders. That this influence has been overrated, causing many 
inferior animals to be used in breeding, on the strength of the 
good qualities of their ancestors, is no argument against its value ; 
on the contrary, these examples only confirm the law of hered- 
ity, in accordance with which inferior qualities are just as 
surely propagated as superior ones. 

To comprehend this principle more fully, let us suppose that 
we have two animals, a male and a female, of original creation, 
and therefore free from all ancestral taint, but endowed with 
every principle which we see manifested in animal life to-day, 
including this power of transmitting peculiarities of disposition, 
as well as of form, to their offspring. In the first generation of 
these offspring we should expect to find a very strong resemblance 
in most respects to the parent animals; but no law of nature is 
more plainly written than that of change. Were all the millions 
of the earth's population gathered together we should each of us 
be able to separate from the throng the friends whom we have 
intimately known, and so with these suppositious animals; indi- 
vidual points of the parental organisms would become intensified 
in each of their offspring, one in one, another in another, accord- 
ing to the greater or less influence of external surroundings. 
Let us mate these offspring of the second generation, the males 
with the females, and note the result: The third generation, 
while still showing great resemblance to the original pair, will 
still show great differences in this resemblance; for instance, if a 
pair be mated possessing the greatest number of the peculiarities 
of the original pair, we may expect their progeny to resemble 
that pair very closely, more closely, possibly, than any of its im- 
mediate descendants; while, on the other hand, the mating of a 
pair having the fewest of these peculiarities may produce descend- 
ants whose characteristics shall be still further from the normal 
type. But even in these descendants of least resemblance we 
shall find, lying dormant, those peculiarities which went to make 
np tbz tptal organism, spiritual as well as physical, of the original 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 45 

pair; and, as time progresses, and external conditions change, we 
shall find these dormant faculties being awakened, and reappear- 
ing in future generations — a phenomenon to which the name of 
atavism has been given. Sometimes the reawakening of these 
dormant faculties will be caused by the reuniting of two strains 
of the family, which may have been separated for generations, as 
has been so frequently shown by the unexpected development of 
the trotting quality in descendants of the race-horse, Messenger. 

This is an epitome of the doctrine of heredity, as it is now un- 
derstood. Our knowledge of this influence is not yet sufficient to 
enable us to control with certainty the results of our breeding; 
indeed, it is evident that an influence of such subtilety, and of 
such intricate relations, must be extremely difficult to control, 
even if fully comprehended; but it does enable us to predict, to a 
very considerable extent, what will be the result of certain lines 
of breeding. 

It will be seen that, to realize the full benefit of this influence, 
we must be acquainted not only with the peculiarities of the 
particular animals which we are mating, but also with those 
of their parents and grand-parents for an indefinite number of 
generations; thus Agassiz says. 

" No offspring is simply the offspring of its father and mother. 
It is at the same time the offspring of the grandfather and 
grandmother on both sides; in fact, this dependence of offspring, 
or liability to reproduce family characteristics, extends much 
further up the ancestral line.'" 

Hence the value of herd-books and stud-books, and of the 
fullest possible descriptions of all remarkable breeding animals. 

In-breeding, or the mating of animals that are near of kin, is 
the method which breeders have adopted for perpetuating and 
intensifying the peculiarities of certain individuals; by this 
method undoubtedly the most valuable features of several of 
our breeds of animals have been developed and fixed; it will 
readily be seen, however, that this method is one easily abused, 
since it is just as liable to perpetuate and intensify the undesirable 
as the desirable qualities, a fact of which breeders have repeatedly 



46 THE HAKDY HOKSE BOOK. 

Lad evidence, in the reappearance, frequently in aggravated forms, 
of diseases and faults of temper. 

Cross-breeding is the mating of unrelated or distantly related 
strains, and has for its primary object the counteraction of the 
weakening of constitution which may have resulted from in- 
breeding, by the infusion of new strains of blood untainted with 
the defects which may have become too strongly intensified in 
those previously used. A second office of cross-breeding is the 
bringing together of similar tendencies originating in widely 
separated strains of blood, as illustrated in the union of the pacing 
and trotting families of horses, a union which has given us some 
of our fleetest animals. A third object of cross-breeding is the 
improvement of inferior strains of animals by the infusion of 
superior blood, such as the breeding of the thoroughbred stallion 
upon the common mares of the country, or the Short-horn bull 
upon the common cows, methods which have resulted in a vast 
improvement, for practical uses, of the general stock. 

Prepotency is a term used to express the increased power of 
transmitting valuable qualities which is developed by a philosoph- 
ical system of breeding. Thus it is almost universally acknowl- 
edged that a Short-horn bull or a thoroughbred horse will be far 
more likely to impress his valuable features upon his progeny 
than would a grade bull or horse, although the latter might 
appear to the eye to be even the better animal. This increased 
power is simply an intensified heredity, and may manifest itself 
in the ability to transmit speed, as in Messenger and Pilot, or in 
form and aptitude to fatten, as with certain families of the Short- 
horns, or in milk or butter qualities, as with branches of the Ayr- 
shire or Jersey breeds. 

This increased power of transmission has been well exemplified 
in cases where the attempt has been made to improve a long 
established breed by the sudden infusion of new blood; in such 
cases, where the breed which it was desired to improve had been 
closely bred within itself until its peculiar characteristics had 
become strongly fixed, and a strong prepotency of its own thus 
established, it has been found difficult to overcome these charac- 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 47 

teristics by an immediate cross from a widely different breed; but 
if the heredity of the breed to be improved were first broken by 
mingling its blood with that of others closely related, then the 
foreign cross could be made with good prospect of success. 

This quality of prepotency is not confined to breeds alone, but 
is frequently met in individuals of all breeds. Among horses one 
of the best illustrations is the history of Messenger and his 
progeny, already given. Sometimes this quality is found in the 
sire, sometimes in the dam; in other words, the progeny will 
sometimes more closely resemble the one or the other of their 
parents, a fact observed throughout all animal life. 

The first impregnation of the female has been proved to have a 
very important effect in modifying the fruit of her subsequent 
impregnations. A celebrated illustration of this phenomenon is 
that given by Lord Morton of a nearly purely-bred chestnut-col- 
ored Arabian mare that bore a hybrid to a quagga; she was 
subsequently bred to a black Arabian horse, and produced two 
colts; these were partially dun-colored, and were striped on the 
legs more plainly than the real hybrid, or even than the quagga. 
Mr. Darwin, in commenting upon this instance, says: "Stripes 
on the body, not to mention those on the legs, are extremely 
rare — I speak after having long attended to the subject — with 
horses of all kinds in Europe, and are almost unknown in the 
case of Arabians." The hair of the mane in these colts resembled 
that of the quagga, being short, stiff and upright. 

Mr. Darwin, after quoting the above and numerous similar 
instances of the evident effects of the first impregnation upon 
subsequent births, says: 

"Some physiologists have attempted to account for these 
remarkable results from a previous impregnation, by the imagina- 
tion of the mother having been strongly affected; but it will 
hereafter be seen that there are very slight grounds for any such 
belief.* Other physiologists attribute the result to the close 

*"Referring to a subsequent chapter, in which he says: "It was formerly a 
common belief, still held by some persons, that the imagination of the mother 
affects the child in the womb. Ttiis yiew is evidently not applicable to the 



48 THE HANDY HOKSE BOOK. 

attachment and freely intercommunicating blood-vessels between 
the modified embryo and mother. But the analogy from the 
action of foreign pollen on the ovarium, seed-coats, and other 
parts of the mother-plant, strongly supports the belief that with 
animals the male element acts directly on the female, and not 
through the crossed embryo. With birds there is no close connec- 
tion between the embryo and mother; yet a careful observer, Dr. 
Chapins, states that with pigeons the influence of a first male 
sometimes makes itself perceived in the succeeding broods; but 
this- statement requires confirmation. 1 ' 

It is also believed by some that this influence is reciprocal, the 
male not only acting upon the female but being, to some extent, 
modified by her. If, as Mr. Darwin suggests, the influence which 
the female certainly receives is transmitted directly from the male 
element, it would seem possible that under certain conditions the 
male should be similarly affected. It is, we believe, a common 
belief among poultrymen that it is disadvantageous to allow 
purely-bred males to associate indiscriminately with females of 
other breeds, and the following instances, quoted by Mr. W. 
Godwin, in the English Live Stock Journal, would tend to the 
support of this view: 

"A farmer obtained some of the famous Small White swine of 
the Earl of Ellesmere. The sows produced pure white stock, just 
like themselves, till the boar had been put to a neighbor's black 
sow. The next litter after this their pigs came spotted. A sim- 
ilar thing happened to another farmer, but the colors were 
reversed. Here the boar was black, and the single sow served by 

lower animals, which lay unimpregnated eggs, nor to plants. Dr. William 
Hunter, in the last century, told my father that during many years every woman 
in a large London lying-in hospital was asked before her confinement whether 
anything had specially affected her mind, and the answer was written down; 
and it so happened that in no one instance could a coincidence be detected be- 
tween the woman's answer and* any abnormal structure; but when she knew the 
structure, she frequently suggested some fresh cause. The belief in the power 
of the mother's imagination may, perhaps, have arisen from the children of a 
second marriage resembling the previous father, as certainly sometimes occurs, 
in accordance with the facts given in a previous chapter." 



BKEEDING AND GENEKAL MANAGEMENT. 49 

him was white. The next time following, the black sows brought 
spotted pigs. 

"For the purpose of getting richer milk for family use, a 
Short-horn breeder of thoroughbred stock obtained a Jersey cow. 
This he put to his stock bull, and. after that all the calves he got 
the same season out of Short-horn cows came with brown or 
creamy-colored noses just like the Jersey, but in every other 
respect were of the Short-horn type — all right. 

" He then gives like instances in poultry, and winds up by that 
of a chestnut-colored pony stallion. He was put one season to a 
piebald mare. Shortly after he covered a brown mare, the foal 
from which had distinct piebald markings on one of its fore- 
legs." 

These instances are not sufficient to confirm this theory, which, 
at first sight, seems highly absurd, and are quoted merely to call 
attention to the subject, in order that more light may be thrown 
upon it by future observation. 

For a more complete discussion of the questions related to 
breeding, the reader is referred to the excellent work of Dr. Manly 
Miles upon this subject.* 

CHOICE OF SIEE. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that the first coupling of a 
valuable young mare is a matter of considerable importance, aside 
from the effect upon the foal then begotten. In selecting a horse, 
therefore, care should be taken that his ancestry be good, and that 
neither himself nor his progenitors, so far as may be learned, shall 
have proved faulty in the same directions as the mare; better 
breed to a somewhat inferior horse, in general make-up and 
character, than to one whose defects are of the same nature as 
those of the mare. On the other hand, violent crosses should be 
avoided, if it be desired to produce a breeding animal, as all expe- 
rience shows that the products of such crosses, though probably of 
good appearance themselves, are very liable to prove failures as 

*Stock Breeding, by Manly Miles, M. D.; D. Appleton & Co,, Publishers. 



50 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

breeders. The most notable instance of this is the mating of the 
horse and the ass, which produces an infertile hybrid; while the 
mating of extremes of less degree of separation, though often 
yielding a product of decided value in itself, as that of the Cots- 
wold buck upon Merino ewes, or vice versa, yet fails to produce 
an animal that will satisfactorily reproduce itself. 

Hence we should breed constantly toward purity of blood. If 
we have a large, roomy mare, she can probably be bred to ad- 
vantage to one of the large draft breeds, selecting the breed and 
the horse whose characteristics most fully counterbalance the 
weak points of the mare; and when the foal thus produced is old 
enough to breed, if it be mare, breed it to the same strain of 
pure-bred horses, never under any circumstances using a grade 
horse as a sire. 

CONTROLLING THE SEX. 

Many theories have been advanced with regard to the causes 
which determine sex, but we of the enlightened To-day are as 
much at a loss as were those who theorized in earliest times. 
Among these various theories it has been supposed: 

1. That one side (right or left) of the reproductive organs 
produces males only, and the other side females. This has been 
disproved by thorough experiments in which animals deprived of 
one side or the other have been bred together, and yet produced 
both sexes. 

2. Prof. Thury, of the Academy of Geneva, proposed the 
theory that sex is dependent upon the degree of maturity of the 
egg at the time impregnation takes place; and, therefore, that 
impregnation in the earlier stages of heat will produce females, 
and in the later stages males, and many examples have been 

• adduced in support of this theory; but if all the failures of con- 
trolling sex by this method were carefully enumerated they would 
undoubtedly outnumber the successes, for the natural method 
among all wild animals, and largely among domestic animals, is 
to allow the male and female to run freely together, in which 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 51 

Case impregnation must generally occur at the commencement of 
heat; yet males and females are produced in nearly equal 
numbers. 

3. A third theory is that the relative age and vigor of the 
two parents has much to do in determining the sex of the 
offspring; that is, that if the father be older and stronger than 
the mother the children will be chiefly males, while if the oppo- 
site conditions hold they will be females. Many instances have 
been brought forward to support this theory also. The report of 
the census commissioners of Ireland for 1841, as quoted by Dr. 
Miles,* shows that 

u When the parents are of equal age, of 509,913 children there 
are 105 males to 100 females. 

" When the father is older than the mother, of 419,052 children 
there are 106 males to 100 females. 

" When the mother is older than the father, of 48,481 children 
there are 104 males to 100 females." 

The relative vigor of the parents is not considered in this 
calculation, as would obviously be impossible. In general it is 
found that the males exceed the females at birth in the human 
family, and frequently also among the lower animals. 

Heredity seems to have some influence, in conjunction with 
other causes, in determining sex, but this influence is not yet 
sufficiently understood to be practically available. 

These and many other theories have been advanced, and in 
many cases remarkable illustrations have been adduced, but the 
best informed physiologists of the present time are least sanguine 
with regard to the solution of the mystery. 

TREATMENT OF MARE IN FOAL. 

After being served by the horse the mare should have a period 
of comparative rest, as conception will then be more likely to 
take place than if she should immediately be put to some exercise. 
From this time forth until near foaling time she will be the 

*Stock Breeding, page 306. 



52 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

better for a reasonable amount of work, but all hard driving or 
very heavy pulling should be avoided, as being liable to produce 
abortion. She should also be carefully guarded against being 
kicked, or crowded in narrow doorways, etc. Her food should be 
of liberal quantity and good quality, in order to afford ample 
material for the growth of the foal, and at the same time for laying 
up a store of surplus flesh to be drawn upon while nursing the 
colt, but at the same time excessive fatness should be avoided, as 
this is likely to induce difficulty of parturition, as well as to in- 
terfere with the best growth of the foal. 

In connection with the subject of working the mare while in 
foal the following statements by a gentleman writing over the 
initials S. T. H., are interesting: 

u The writer's experience in working brood mares while in foal 
has been exceedingly valuable. Three road mares, all of which 
could trot faster than 2:40, were driven on the road within three 
months of their time of foaling, and, in every instance, they pro- 
duced colts not only gifted with remarkable trotting action, but 
with great ambition to trot in the field after they became a few 
weeks old. The same mares, since they have been devoted exclu- 
sively to breeding, have not dropped foals equally gifted or 
desirous to trot, either in the field or when broken to harness. 
The first great colt trotter — the celebrated Cora, who was sired 
by Neave's Clay, instead of Strader's Clay, as published by ' Hark 
Comstock' — was the daughter of the celebrated roan mare Queen, 
that, both before and after proving with foal, was used as a road 
mare. Cora, like a bright school-girl, was talented from birth. 
After her dam was used exclusively for breeding, and never driven, 
she had five foals, yet none of them could trot in three minutes. 
Mark the history of the breeding of the gem of the Fearnaught 
family! Galatea, with a record of 2:25^ as a four-year-old, was 
out of Grand Duchess, who was trotted continuously in the races 
through the Grand Circuit at Buffalo, Utica, Springfield, and at 
Taunton, winning her record of 2:26 J after she had borne the 
weight of the future Galatea five months in her womb. Harry 
W. Genet, and many other historical trotters, will trace the secret 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 53 

of their speed to the same cause. It stands the test of reason. 
If the trotting brain and trotting muscles and trotting action are 
constantly stimulated while the mare is carrying the foal, the 
same formation and development and ambition must be impressed 
upon the growing foetus. 

* The most interesting proof of this position has recently come 
to the writer's knowledge. One of his friends, in Boone county, 
Ky., owns a mare that was sired by Alexander's Abdallah, out of 
a daughter of Norman. She was not only trotting bred, but had 
exclusively pure trotting action. She was stinted to Bidwell's 
Almont, a very fast trotting horse, by Wither' s Almont, out of a 
mare by Alexander's Edwin Forrest; so that both sire and dam 
were trotting bred, with trotting action exclusively. After being 
bred, she was used as a saddle-mare, and by the manipulation of 
spurs, and long curb-bits, and weighting her hind feet, she was 
made to go the running walk and canter, and pace and rack in- 
differently well. In due time her colt was foaled, when, to the 
amazement of its owner, it went all the saddle gaits naturally in 
the field, just as though its ancestors for generations had been 
bred to the saddle. While to some extent I believe in the vision 
theory of leading the mare before the stallion after copulation to 
secure an impress of color and form upon the foetus, to a more 
decided extent do I believe in the colt receiving its action and 
ambition from the dam, if her action and ambition are stimulated 
during a the period of gestation by judicious driving. Trot the 
mare during pregnancy, and the colt will inevitably trot." 

PERIOD OF GESTATION. 

There is considerable variation in the period of gestation in 
mares, the extremes being given by Miles at 287 days for the 
shortest, and 419 days for the longest. Youatt gives the average 
period as eleven months, or 330 days. Armsby and Jenkins give 
the average as 340 days, the extremes quoted by them being 307 
and 412 days.* Their estimate is the same as that given in 

*Farmers' Annual Handbook for 1882. 



54 THE HANDY HOESE BOOK. 

Mentzel & Von Lengerke's Landwirthschaftlicher Kalender — the 
organ of the German Experiment Stations. 

SIGNS OF FOALING. 

The first sign of the near approach of foaling is the filling up 
of the bag; one or two days before delivery a sort of sticky sub- 
stance, resembling drops of milk, may be found protruding from 
the teats. After the appearance of these signs especial care 
should be taken that the mare have abundant room, and that there 
be no cracks in which the colt may be caught if she should foal 
in the night. If the weather be warm the mare is better off in a 
pasture lot where there are no other horses, nor any hogs or 
cattle. In cooler weather she should have a roomy box-stall not 
less than ten or twelve feet square. 

ASSISTANCE IN FOALING. 

As a general thing it is better to let nature take its course in 
the parturition of all domestic animals, but there are occasional 
cases of wrong presentation in which a little knowledge judi- 
ciously used may be of great benefit. 

The normal presentation of the foal is that of the two fore feet, 
with the head between, or of the two hind feet, thus forming a 
wedge-shaped mass which is generally easily expelled. Sometimes, 
however, one of the feet or the head is turned backward, thus 
forming a square shoulder which strikes the walls of the pelvis 
and prevents the exit of the foetus. The water-bags which pre- 
cede the foetus simply serve to distend the opening, and lubricate 
it with the fluid they contain; if, after they have served their 
purpose, the birth fails to take place^ an examination should be 
made, first thoroughly greasing the hand and arm with lard or 
oil, and inserting it carefully. If but one foot is found, then 
noose it with a light rope or string, push the foetus gently back, 
get hold of the other foot and straighten it out; do this between 
the pains; then, if other things are right, the birth will soon be 
completed. Sometimes the mare may be so exhausted by long- 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. \ 55 

continued pains that it will be advisable to assist her expulsive 
efforts by gently pulling upon the f oetus, but this must be care- 
fully done. If the head be thrown back, follow the same methods, 
first noosing the feet. If the presentation be of the hind feet, 
which may be ascertained by finding the tail, and by the absence 
of the nose and mouth-parts, the recovery of a lost limb will be 
somewhat more difficult, but may still be accomplished, with care 
and patience. Occasionally both hind legs may fail to appear, 
making a buttock presentation, when it is sometimes necessary to 
cut the hamstrings, or to cut off the legs entirely. When the 
presentation is more difficult than the dropping of a single mem- 
ber, however, a professional veterinarian should be summoned, if 
possible. 

CARE OF THE FOAL. 

For a few weeks after foaling the mare should have a period of 
complete rest, being turned upon grass and fed very moderately 
with grain, to induce a full flow of milk. It would probably be 
better if no work were required of her during the time the colt is 
sucking, but as this is not always practicable great care should be 
exercised never to allow the mare to become overheated. The 
overheating of the dam is a frequent cause of death to the colt, 
and if, by any accident, it occurs, she should be allowed to cool 
off gradually before the colt is permitted to suck. The colt should 
be encouraged to learn to eat grain as soon as possible, and to this 
end the manger in which the mare is fed should be low and wide; 
thus arranged, the foal will soon learn to eat with the dam. 

While the colt is running by the side of its dam its education 
should be commenced by haltering it in the stable at feeding time, 
and by tying it to the mare when at work. In this way it may 
be taught to lead, and also to stand when tied, at the same time 
becoming accustomed to being handled. 

WEANING THE COLT. 

Colts are usually weaned at the age of five months. The 
following method for accomplishing this result is recommended 



56 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

by the National Live Stock Journal: "Halter the colt in a stall 
adjoining the dam, with a partition so open that they are in 
plain view of each other. Reduce the food of the mare to a 
very small ration of dry oats and hay. When her udder 
becomes so full as to cause her uneasiness, draw off a part of 
the milk, but be careful not to milk her cleau. This first milk- 
ing should be done by the colt itself, but afterward it should be 
done by hand, as the milk in the drying-off process soon becomes 
unfit for the colt, and, besides, the drying-off will thus be more 
speedily accomplished than when the colt is permitted to suck 
occasionally. After the milk has entirely dried up, the mare and 
her foal may be separated, and she may be safely turned out to 
grass. 

" In the meantime great care must be taken with the food of 
the colt. If it has been properly treated it has already learned to 
eat heartily, and the food should be of such a character as to sup- 
ply the place of the milk of the dam. If the foal is young,, or in 
thin flesh, it may be easily taught to drink cow's milk, and 
nothing can be found that will so completely supply the place of 
the milk from its own dam, of which it is now deprived. Indeed, 
it will be well in all cases where, from lack of quantity or 
quality in the milk of the dam, or from lack of good pasture, the 
foal is in low flesh, to early supply the deficiency with a good 
allowance of cow's milk, in addition to what it gets from the dam. 
New milk should be used at first, until the foal is accustomed to 
drinking it, but very soon skimmed milk, which will answer very 
nearly as well, may be substituted. The effect which such a 
ration will have upon the growth and condition of the foal is 
wonderful. A quart of milk morning and evening will be quite 
sufficient, and if it be sweetened a little at first, the colt will take 
to it all the more readily, as the milk of the dam is much sweeter 
than cow's milk. 

" Oats, ground or unground, constitute the very best grain food 
for a colt. We prefer to have them ground, and, as cold weather 
approaches, about one fourth in weight of corn meal may profit- 
ably be added, as it helps to lay on fat and keeps up the animal 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 57 

heat. A little oil-cake meal, say a pint a day, may also be profitably 
given with the oats for some time after weaning. Don't be afraid 
of feeding too liberally. More colts are injured the first six 
months after weaning by too scanty a supply of food, than from 
any other cause. 

u As soon as the mare and foal can be separated, the foal should 
have, if possible, the run of a good pasture, as there is no food 
better than grass, no medicine so good as exercise, and no exercise 
so profitable to young animals as when taken just when they feel 
like it. A good, warm shelter should be always accessible, so that 
they may be protected from storms. The idea that 'roughing it 1 
the first winter makes a colt more 'hardy, 1 is all nonsense. The 
true theory is plenty of food, abundant exercise, and protection 
from storms and extreme cold, in well ventilated, well lighted 
stables." 

RAISING COLTS BY HAND. 

It sometimes becomes necessary, through the death or ill-health 
of the mare, to raise the colt by artificial methods. This should 
only be attempted as a last resort, as it is very difficult of accom- 
plishment, the young colt being much more sensitive to changes 
in its diet than a calf or lamb, while the great difference in the 
quality of the milk of the mare and the cow renders the change 
to the latter, especially for a very young colt, a difficult one to 
bear. 

When, however, the only alternative is to attempt to raise the 
colt by hand or to let it % die, the conditions of its natural food- 
supply should be imitated as closely as possible. This food-supply, 
we observe, is offered frequently, but in small quantities; the 
milk of the mare shows, on analysis, a larger per cent, of sugar, 
and a smaller of fat and casein, than that of the cow, hence cow's 
milk should be slightly diluted with water, and somewhat sweet- 
ened, before giving to the colt. It should, of course, be given 
warm, and in small quantities at frequent intervals, until the colt 
becomes accustomed to the change, when the intervals may be 
lengthened and the quantity increased. The most common error 



58 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

in the feeding of colts, as of all young animals, is giving too 
much. This induces diarrhoea, which, when started, is difficult 
to check. 

A little oil-cake meal may be added to the ration to advantage, 
beginning with a very small quantity, and gradually increasing 
to a tablespoonful, the meal to be made into a thin gruel with 
boiling water and then added to the milk. This meal, judiciously 
fed, will diminish the tendency to diarrhoea, although an excess 
is to be guarded against. The colt should be induced to eat oats 
and shelled corn when two or three months old — the whole grain 
is less liable to scour than oatmeal or corn meal — and grass or 
good hay should be furnished as soon as it will eat it. 

AFTER WEANING, 

Or after the withdrawal of milk in the case of the hand-raised 
colt, the food should be such as to maintain a healthy and vigor- 
ous growth. It is a great mistake to stint the growing colt, 
while, at the same time, grain should not be given in such excess 
as to overload the digestive organs. Oil-cake meal is one of the 
best of foods for young animals, if judiciously used; corn is 
objectionable, on account of its tendency to fatten, but it is much 
better to feed corn than to give no grain. Exercise is very 
necessary; without it all the good effects of liberal feeding will 
be lost, as the digestion will either become impaired, or the colt 
will become excessively fat, and its growth in bone and muscle 
thereby retarded. 

Handling should be continued in every practicable manner. 
The sooner the colt learns the use of the harness, and the 
fact that man is his master, the more valuable he will be 
when he reaches a serviceable age. No labor should be required, 
however, until the growth is nearly attained, and no severe labor 
until after the fourth year, as during the third and fourth years 
the milk or colt teeth are being replaced by the permanent set, a 
process which frequently affects the vigor of the animal; so fre- 
quently during the fourth year, especially, that it is a common 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 59 

opinion among farmers that a three-year-old colt will perform 
more labor than a four-year-old. 

Shelter is essential to economical growth. The colt which is 
exposed to the inclemency of the winter, getting its living only 
around the straw stack, will neither be so large nor so hardy as 
one which has been judiciously sheltered, while it will have con- 
sumed a great deal of food that has simply been burned in the 
body for the production of animal heat to resist the cold blasts, 
which might far more cheaply have been shut off by proper 
shelter. 

EARLY BREEDING. 

Fillies which it is desired should grow into valuable animals 
should never be bred until their fourth year, thus giving oppor- 
tunity for their growth to be well completed before subjecting 
them to the exhausting drain of reproduction. The same is true 
of young horses; they should not be used while still colts for stud 
purposes, as the progeny of such immature animals cannot 
possess the strength and hardihood of those which have come to 
maturity. 

On the other hand, breeding from horses of extreme age is less 
likely to give satisfactory results than if they be in their prime. 
Yet there are exceptions to both these rules: for instance, 
Rysdyk's Hambletonian was only two years old when he got 
Alexander's Abdallah, and he in turn was only four years old 
when he got Goldsmith Maid; while Lexington's dam was 
fourteen or older when he was dropped, and the dam of American 
Eclipse was twelve, he being her first foal. 

These, however, as well as others which might be enumerated, 
must be regarded as exceptional instances, since overwhelming 
evidence may be drawn from all departments of animal life that, 
as a rule, the most vigorous offspring come from fully developed 
parents who are yet in the prime of life. The cases noted, there- 
fore, only prove that the parents themselves were exceptionally 
vigorous for animals of their ages. 



60 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 



TKAINING. 

As previously urged, the education of the colt should begin 
while it is still running by its dam. If the lesson is then 
thoroughly inculcated that man is both friend and master, the 
horse will never forget it. This early handling should not 
include any form of labor, as the colt's bones do not become 
sufficiently hardened to perform any laborious service, without 
injury, until it is nearly grown. The old style of training, or 
"breaking," as it was then properly called, was to let the colt run 
entirely free from restraint until three or four years old. It was 
then taken up, harnessed, and put to work, the process involving 
a struggle for freedom on the part of the colt which often 
rendered the operation of breaking a dangerous one. If managed 
as here urged the only difficulty in the operation will be the 
overcoming of a little awkwardness of the colt in its unfamiliar 
duties. 

The essential qualifications for a successful colt-trainer are 
unlimited patience, indomitable perseverance, and ceaseless 
watchfulness. The man who possesses these qualifications will 
not fly into a passion and abuse his colt for his awkwardness, and 
will even overcome stubbornness by continued patience, repeating 
to-day the lesson of yesterday, and so on until it is thoroughly 
learned, while he will see that the colt is never for an instant left 
in such a position that he may get the advantage of his driver, 
when impelled by sudden fright or restlessness. To accomplish 
this every part of the harness must be secure, and the lines must 
always be in the driver's hands, when the colt is not otherwise 
securely tied. 

In training a' colt it should always, if possible, be first worked 
by the side of a steady old horse, until it learns the meaning of 
the harness, and begins to comprehend the duties expected of it; 
and these duties should always be within the limits of accomplish- 
ment without extreme exertion, both to avoid injury to the 
unhardened shoulders and growing bones, and also to prevent the 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 61 

discouragement and consequent formation of the vicious habit of 
balking, due to over-loading. 

No word of command should ever be given to colt or old horse 
unless in position to compel obedience. By adherence to this 
rule the horse may be trained to stop at the word under all con- 
ditions, and accidents often prevented thereby. The colt should, 
from the start, be accustomed to the napping of the tugs about 
its hind legs, and to other unexpected touches, in order to dimin- 
ish the danger from extraordinary emergencies, such as the parting 
of the hold-backs when going down hill. He should also be 
accustomed to all unfamiliar objects at which he shows signs of 
fear, by giving him time and opportunity to examine them 
thoroughly. 

By patience, firmness, and carefulness, the most wayward colt 
may be converted into a faithful servant; but in the absence of 
either of these qualifications in the master, the servant may 
become a treacherous enemy. 

STABLES AND STABLE MANAGEMENT, 

Light and Ventilation.— -The two commonest defects in our 
horse-stables are insufficiency of light and improper ventilation. 
More often than otherwise the only arrangements for the admis- 
sion of light are the small holes at the rear of the stable through 
which the manure is thrown, the cracks between the loose siding, 
and the doorways, which, when open, admit light enough, it is 
true, but when closed in stormy weather leave the stable so dark 
that the sudden change caused by leading the horse into the 
bright sunlight of the open air produces a severe shock upon the 
optic nerve, frequently resulting in blindness or impaired vision. 
Nature's provision in this case is plain enough, and we should 
profit by it: the change from daylight to darkness through the 
twilight or dawn is an almost imperceptible one, and therefore 
our horse-stables, as well as our own living rooms, should be so 
arranged that there shall be the least possible strain upon the 
eyes in walking from them into the free sunlight. 



62 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

Probably the best point from which the stable can be lighted 
is the rear, thus avoiding the glare of direct light. As, however, 
it is seldom practicable to admit a sufficient quantity of light 
from this quarter, provision should be made for side lights, and 
these should be placed as high as possible, in order that the light 
may fall upon the eyes in the most natural manner possible. 
This matter of light is no trivial one; blindness is one of the 
most frequent affections of the horse, and we have had abundant 
evidence, in our own experience, that this is often caused chiefly 
if not wholly by dark stables. 

Lack of ventilation is not a common fault in the American 
stable. On the contrary there is generally enough and to spare, 
but it is often so arranged as not only to fail of its proper func- 
tion, but to aggravate the evils which it ought to correct. Thus 
in a large majority of stables the only provision made for the 
entrance of fresh air is through the cracks of the siding, and 
through open manure-holes, doors, and windows. This arrange- 
ment allows the air to sweep through in draughts, chilling the 
animals and inducing disease. To avoid chilling draughts, and 
at the same time provide the steady current of air which is 
essential to the removal of the exhalations given off by the* 
animals, is a problem which is sometimes difficult of solution. 
If, however, the stable be so arranged that the horses shall stand 
with their heads toward a feed-room or passage-way — and this is 
by far the most convenient arrangement — the fresh air may be 
admitted at the ends of this passage-way, and an upward current 
established through the hay-shute, which should extend from the 
feed-room upward to the top of the building, which again should 
be ventilated either by slatted windows in the gables, or by 
cupolas in the roof. In a.building so constructed, if there be any 
motion of the air on the outside it will produce a current through 
the ventilating windows, which will, in turn, induce an upward 
current from the lower floor; and this, passing in front of the 
horses' noses, instead of across their backs and sides, will give 
them a constant supply of fresh air without any injurious 
draught. 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 63 

For the sake both of convenience 'and healthf illness a straw- 
shute should be placed in the rear of the horses, the mows 
overhead being planned accordingly, and this will assist in 
removing the ammoniaeal vapors which are constantly rising 
from the dung. These shutes, thus serving as ventilator tubes, 
will not only assist in providing fresh air for the animals, but 
tbey will carry off the animal exhalations which would otherwise 
lodge in the hay overhead. 

The Stable Floor. — Next to light and ventilation the stable floor 
claims our attention, as largely affecting both the health of the 
horse and the convenience of his keeper. Undoubtedly the best 
stable floor, so far as the health of the horse is concerned, is one 
of earth, provided it be kept in proper condition. But, as every 
practical horseman knows, this is a very difficult thing to do. 
The pawing of a restless horse soon works a hole under his fore 
feet, while his excrements keep the part under his hind-quarters 
in a bad condition, if not also worked into holes; consequently 
the earthen floor is discarded in our best stables. On account of 
the cheapness of lumber and its apparent cleanliness that material 
has been generally used as a substitute, but it is open to several 
objections. The plank floor, as usually made, is too dry for the 
best condition of the horse's feet, which naturally require a small 
degree of moisture. If it be not made water tight, and it gen- 
erally is not, it causes the liquid excrement to be wasted, thus 
entailing a loss of a very valuable part of the manure, as well 
as saturating the earth below the stable floor and producing un- 
wholesome exhalations. The plank floor also affords a harbor for 
vermin beneath it, and an entrance way for cold draughts of air; 
while its short endurance renders it a very expensive floor. 

In England concrete has long been used for stable floors, but it 
is objectionable on account of lack of durability, being soon 
broken by the pawing of restive horses. 

The most satisfactory stable floors we have ever seen were those 
made of paving brick, set on edge. Such a floor, carefully laid, 
of good material, will last indefinitely, and, at the relative prices 
of the two materials, is frequently cheaper than plank at the 



64 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

outset, and always cheaper when its superior durability is consid- 
ered. In laying the brick floor especial care should be taken that 
the foundation be thoroughly settled, as otherwise the floor will 
settle unevenly, producing holes. Vermin should also be carefully 
excluded by cutting a narrow trench around the outer edge to the 
depth of two feet or more, partly filling this with a grout mixed 
with hydraulic cement, and in this bedding the stones which form 
the curbing. The floor should be laid with a shallow channel at 
the rear to carry off the liquid manure, and it will be better for 
the fore feet if the forward part slope downward slightly toward 
the manger, thus giving the horse a chance to stand with his toes 
pointing slightly downward, a position which many horses seem 
glad to assume. 

Whatever kind of floor be used, bedding of straw, sawdust, 
leaves, etc., should be furnished in abundance, both for the sake 
of cleanliness and to soften the floor to the feet. If the liquid 
manure be not carried to a cistern, an additional amount of bed- 
ding should be supplied as an absorbent, as this ingredient of the 
manure is far too valuable to be lost. 

The Manger. — The cut on the opposite page shows a form of 
manger, the description of which, and enumeration of its advan- 
tages, will serve to show some of the errors to be guarded against 
in the construction of mangers in general: 

This manger is three feet four inches high next the horse, three 
feet nine inches under the centre rail, and three feet two inches 
next the feed-room; it is two feet four inches wide from the 
centre rail to the side next the horse, and one foot eight 
inches from centre rail to feed-room. The alternate partitions 
are cut away at the top rail, as shown, the only separation 
below this point being the feed-boxes (not shown in cut), 
each of which is twelve inches wide by ten inches deep, and 
long enough to reach across the manger at the top, the ends 
being cut to fit the slope of the sides of the manger. These 
boxes are made of 2x12 plank, and are placed on the right- 
hand or "off" side of each stall. A false bottom is placed in this 
manger, leaving it about eighteen inches deep next the feed-room 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 



65 



by two feet next the horse; the object of this being to reduce the 
size of the manger, and thus prevent careless hands from over- 
feeding with hay, and at the same time to give the horse a shallow, 
broad manger, in which he can pick over his feed at leisure- 
Experience has shown that in such a manger he will eat up his 
food cleaner than in a narrow, deep one, in which the lower layers 
become soiled with saliva and packed down so tight that, 
especially if they contain thistles or other weeds, the horse 
cannot well turn them over. In this manger corn-fodder may be 
fed at full length, a bundle being divided between two horses, 




An Improved Manger. 



while the refuse stalks may be readily cleaned out from the front 
side, thus preventing the littering of the stable with them. The 
feed-boxes, being placed between the stalls and under the top 
rail, will prevent the horses getting their noses together and 
quarreling. If hay only is fed the partition may extend to the 
bottom of the manger. The slats on the side next the horse pre- 
vent his pulling his feed out on that side, while the top rail and 
the width of the manger prevent his throwing it out in the feed- 
room, especially as this width gives him full opportunity to pick 
it over. The feed being entirely below there is no littering of 
hay-seed into the eyes and mane, as when the manger is in the 



66 THE HAtfDY HORSE BOOK. 

form of a rack or shute, while it enables the horse to stand while 
feeding in his natural position, and not with his nose thrown up, 
like a giraffe, nor with his neck arched, as by the check-rein and 
martingale, as with the very high mangers frequently used. 
The manger being entirely open on the side next the feed-room 
allows the easy introduction of hay, and also facilitates cleaning 
out, as stated. In the case of a narrow feed-room this part of 
the manger may be hinged, so as to shut in even with the top 
rail ; and if the stable floor be a foot below the feed-room floor, 
the latter may be used as the bottom of the manger. 

The Stalls. — A horse-stall should never be less than five feet in 
the clear in width, and five and a half feet is better. -The parti- 
tions between two stalls should be boarded up on both sides for 
four feet, above which single boarding for three feet more will be 
sufficient for most horses. The lower four feet should extend 
back about seven feet from the edge of the manger, to prevent 
the horses from kicking each other. The height of the stable 
should not be less than eight feet for small horses, and nine for 
large ones. This is a very important point, as one of the com- 
monest causes of poll-evil is the striking of the head against the 
beams of the upper floor. Especial care should be taken that the . 
stall partitions reach the floor, otherwise the horse is liable to get 
his legs fast and broken. 

The Feed-Boom and JVater Supply. — In general the feeding- 
room is too much contracted; often consisting of nothing more 
than a narrow passage way, four to six feet wide. It will pay 
well to allow space in this room for meal-bins, cutting box, mix- 
ing troughs, etc., and, if the drainage can be so arranged as to 
carry off all the soakage of the stables and manure heaps, the well 
should also be located here. To combine convenience with safety 
and profit the stable floors should be water-tight, and arranged to 
conduct the liquid manure to the rear of the building, where it 
should be received in cisterns, or taken up by abundant "absorb- 
ents; the drainage of the manure-yard should be from the rear of 
the stable, and the feed-room and well should be in front of it. 
If the well be replaced by a good cistern it will add much to the 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 67 

safety of the water, as it is almost impossible to prevent the con- 
tamination of a well located in a barn. While it may be difficult 
to trace any disease of horses to such contamination, it has been 
well established that cows may convey to those who use their 
milk the germs of disease gathered at their drinking places. 

Feeding. — The proper feeding of a horse is an operation 
requiring the exercise of a greater amount of common sense than 
can be expected of any ordinary hired groom. The treatment 
best adapted to the needs of the severely worked draft-horse is 
very different from that required by the carriage-horse which is 
only occasionally put in harness; while the same horse requires 
different treatment, according to the amount of service demanded 
of him. 

For the maintenance of perfect health the working horse 
requires that a portion of his food shall be of the character called 
"rough-feed," and the remainder of a more nutritious kind, and 
the proper balance between these two kinds of food is one which 
is at times difficult to maintain. 

Thus the driving horse, if he is liable to be called upon for 
rapid traveling, should receive but little hay through the day, his 
main supply being, given at his evening feed, and then as small a 
quantity as may be found consistent with health — a quantity 
which can only be established by careful experiment, since no 
two horses will require precisely the same. This method of feed- 
ing is necessary in order that his stomach and bowels may be 
loaded as lightly as possible when his work is needed. The draft 
horse, however, whose work is less violent than that of the 
roadster, may have his hay-allowance more evenly distributed 
throughout the day. Horses that are not subjected to severe 
labor may be kept chiefly on hay, but the consumption of a suffi- 
cient quantity to meet the ordinary demands of existence produces 
a distension of the stomach and abdomen, together with a flabbi- 
ness of muscle, which renders the animal unfit for much exertion. 
This condition is greatly exaggerated if the hay be replaced by 
food of a less nutritive quality, as damaged hay or straw, in which 
case the ratio which should exist between the nitrogenous and 



68 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

carbonaceous elements of the food is disturbed, the latter being 
greatly in excess. In order that such feeding should be economi- 
cal grain should be very high, straw very cheap, and the labor 
or growth of the animal a matter of no consequence. 

On the other hand, the mistake is frequently made of giving 
too much grain, with the result of developing a tendency to 
fatten, or of disturbing the proper ratio of the food in the oppo- 
site direction from that of straw-feeding — in which case much of 
the grain will fail of digestion, and therefore produce no effect. 

The secret of successful feeding lies in giving such a ration, 
both in quantity and quality, as shall maintain the auimal in a 
healthy, vigorous condition, without causing it to fatten; and 
this secret can only be attained by personal practice and observa- 
tion, changing the food from day to day as circumstances seem 
to require, until the desired mean in quantity and quality is 
reached, as shown by the stationary condition of the horse. It is 
evident that the quantity will still have to be changed from 
season to season to suit the changes of temperature. 

No one point in feeding is of more importance than regularity. 
The animal, of whatever kind, that is fed at irregular hours, or 
allowed to miss a meal whenever it happens to be a little incon- 
venient to attend to it, will show its neglect in seriously impaired 
usefulness. Such management is both improvident and cruel. 

Grooming. — The object of grooming or currying is not simply 
the removal of mud or other external dirt, to give the horse a 
better appearance, but the cleansing of the skin by the removal 
of the scurf and dust which is constantly accumulating beneath 
the hair, and thus clogging the pores of the skin and impairing 
its function. The brush, therefore, should visit every part of the 
body daily, and be vigorously applied. The neglect of careful 
cleansing of the legs especially is one of the causes of scratches 
or grease heel. 

DRIVING. 

There are a few points of special importance in the manage- 
ment of driving horses, which are also applicable in a less 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 69 

degree to those used for draft. The morning feed should be given 
early, that digestion may be as far progressed as possible before 
the day's work is begun; the first hour's work should be done at 
a moderate gait, giving the horse the opportunity to finish digest- 
ing his morning meal, and to unload his bowels of the accumula- 
tions of the night before; the horse should not be hurried over 
hills, because a rapid gait up the hill exhausts his "wind," and 
thus draws upon the stores of energy needed for future service; 
while the jar of going down hill rapidly is liable to injure his 
front feet and shoulders. When the roads are level, however, he 
may be kept at a steady jog, and this is better than to "blow" 
him by a quick spurt and then allow him to go slowly to regain 
his breath. It is the steady-going horse who makes the longest 
trip and comes in freshest at night. 

In driving the reins should be held sufficiently tight to produce 
a constant, steady, but gentle pressure on the bit. Thus held the 
horse will soon become so accustomed to the hand of the driver 
that the smallest pressure upon either rein', given by the fingers 
or by a slight twist of the wrist, will turn him to either side as 
desired, while his speed will be regulated in the same manner. 
At the same time the horse should be accustomed to the voice of 
his master, and especially should be trained to stop at the word, 
a training which may often prevent serious accidents, in case of 
unexpected disarrangement of the harness. 

A horse driven with a firm rein will travel faster and farther, 
and with greater ease to himself and his driver, than if the reins 
are allowed to hang at his sides, while many an accident has been 
caused by the horse suddenly starting or shying, and getting the 
advantage of his driver before the latter could gather up his 
loosely-held reins. 

HORSEBACK RIDING. 

The art of riding is one which must be learned by practice, and 
few rules can be given which will be of much service. The fol- 
lowing hints, however, may assist the learner in his first efforts : 

The bridle for riding should be as light as possible, compatible 



70 THE HAKDY HOBSE BOOK. 

with, strength; there should be but a single rein, and, if martin- 
gales are used, they should be adjusted to such a length as to 
press upon the reins only when the head is thrown very high. 
For quiet horses the martingale is only a nuisance, but for very 
spirited animals it is sometimes serviceable, and for those disposed 
to rear it is an absolute necessity. The bit should be of the 
variety known as curb, made light but strong. A snaffle is not 
fit for a riding bit, in any case. The horse may go somewhat 
awkwardly at first under a curb, but he will soon become accus- 
tomed to it, if it is properly handled, and can thereafter be 
controlled far more easily and gracefully. 

The manner in which the reins are held is a very important 
matter. As in driving, so also in riding, there should be a con- 
stant pressure upon the bit — the horse ridden with dangling reins 
will be an unusually good one if he does not stumble, while if he 
has any spirit he will be liable to unseat his rider by a sudden 
start — nevertheless the pressure upon the rein should be of the 
gentlest character, the hand acting simply as a perfect spring, 
exerting the lightest possible pressure, and accommodating itself 
to the motion of the animal, but ready at any time to seize the 
reins with a firm grip and thus remind him that he is under 
control of a master-spirit. 

For pleasure-riding the saddle should have a low, flat seat; but 
when riding becomes a business the high Mexican or army saddle 
will be found the most comfortable. In either case the -stirrup 
should be of sufficient length to allow the full extension of the 
leg, without requiring it to be stretched to reach it. 

It is needless to say that the position of the rider should be 
constantly erect; the reins should be held in the left hand, and 
both hands should be held in a low and easy position. 

The gaits of the riding-horse should be the canter, and some 
form of the pacing or racking gaits. It is difficult to ride either 
a square trotter or pacer with either ease or grace, but trotters 
that possess some admixture of pacing blood may sometimes be 
trained to a very pleasant riding gait. Frequently the tendency 
to pace or rack is not manifested until the horse is five or six 



BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 71 

years of age, and is then shown under the saddle; but when a 
horse begins to show a tendency to change his gait he may be 
easily trained to use only his easiest gait when ridden. This 
training is accomplished by riding with curb bit and martingales, 
holding a tight rein, especially when it is desired to start from the 
walk into a faster gait, urging the horse forward with whip or 
spur, but checking him immediately, and requiring him to start 
again, when he takes the wrong gait. When going down hill a 
horse will naturally take such a gait as will produce the least jar 
to himself, and this fact may be taken advantage of in training 
him to travel for the rider's ease. 

HORSEBACK BIDING FOR LADIES. 

To ride a good horse is one of the most exhilarating of pastimes, 
as well as one of the most healthful of exercises, and there can be 
no doubt that our wives and daughters would complain far less 
of ill-health if carriages and railways were abolished, and their 
only means of locomotion were on foot or horseback. As this 
cannot be, the next best thing would be to make horseback riding 
fashionable, and thus popularize a recreation to which the rosy 
cheeks of our grandmothers were largely due. Happily there 
seems now to be a tendency in this direction, and the sight of a 
lady on liorseback is less uncommon than it was a few years ago. 

With regard to the bridle and its management the remarks 
previously made apply equally well to the lady's outfit for riding. 
The proper tension of the reins is one which ladies should 
especially study, as the danger from a slack rein is for them 
especially great. 

The riding-habit is so much under the control of the whims of 
fashion that it seems hopeless to say anything here in regard to 
it. The dictates of common sense, as well as those of good taste, 
would make it simply long enough to cover the feet securely. 
The extremely long habits which serve as such convenient 
receptacles for the spatterings of the road, are both disgusting to 
the escort and dangerous to the wearer. For ladies who may 



% 



*IH$ HAHDY HOUSE BOOK. 



have the energy to take long rides over mountainous roads, the 
picturesque riding costume of the Sandwich Island ladies, described 
by Miss Bird* and worn by her in her hundreds of miles of 
horseback riding over those islands and over the Rocky Moun- 
tains, is certainly the most sensible garment, as it permits riding 




Side-Saddle. 

astride. For ordinary riding, however, this position is not neces- 
sary to a reasonable amount of security, since the hunting saddle, 
shown in the illustration on this page, affords, in its hunting or 

♦"Six Months in the Sandwich Islands," and "A Lady's Life in the Kocky 
Mountains," by Miss Bird —two of the most delightful of books of travel. 



BREEDING AtfD GENERAL l^AKAGEMEKT. 73 

leaping horn, the means by which the left knee may be held 
down, and thus the seat kept secure. It will readily be seen, by 
reference to the figure, that the man's saddle itself scarcely affords 
a more secure seat than is given by this form of side-saddle, pro- 
vided the girths remain intact. The following paragraph, 
referring to this saddle, is quoted from Herbert's "Hints to 
Horsekeepers," and was written by a lady: 

"The prejudice of many American ladies, especially in the 
country, against the third horn of the saddle, is purely the result 
of habit. Having always been accustomed to the old style of 
saddle, they experience a restraint in the first use of the leaping 
horn, which suggests a dangerous confinement of the limbs, and 
they seem to fear that they could not easily disengage themselves 
from it, in case of accident. This fear is groundless ; they could, 
in no. case, get off on the right side, and, in dismounting to the 
left, the leg is simply lowered away from it, so that it can, in no 
sense, be considered an obstacle to jumping off from the horse. 
The mere fact that it prevents the worst of all accidents — being 
thrown onto the left horn in case of the horse falling — is an un- 
answerable argument in its favor, and no lady who has been 
accustomed to its use would be willing to dispense with it." 

The girth is a very important part of a saddle of either kind; 
Jbut it is especially necessary to the security of the side-saddle seat, 
and should therefore be frequently examined to see that it shows 
no sign of unsoundness, and the lady should be sure that it has 
been properly tightened before mounting her horse. In this 
connection it should be remembered that a girth which was 
properly tight in the morning may be quite loose before night, 
owing both to the stretching of the material and to the contrac- 
tion of the abdomen of the horse through removal of its 
contents. 

The stirrup should either be furnished with a guard to prevent 
the foot becoming fast in it, or should be made so small that only 
the toes can enter. More serious accidents have probably resulted 
from the rider being thrown and dragged by a foot fastened in 
the stirrup than from all other causes incident to ladies riding, 



74 



THE HANDY HOESE BOOK. 



and no lady should ever trust herself in a saddle if its stirrup can 
by any possibility entangle her foot. Safety stirrups are now 
made in such manner that the side will open as soon as the foot 
is lifted from the bottom, thus preventing all danger of accident. 
Such a stirrup is represented in the illustration here shown. 
This stirrup is made of two separate pieces, 
hinged together as shown in the cut. While 
the foot is in the stirrup its pressure upon 
the bottom piece c holds the part a, c, in 
place, as shown by the dotted lines; but 
safety stirkup. when the pressure is removed this part 
opens, allowing the foot to pass out at tl*e side. 





[76] 



EXTERNAL REGIONS OE THE HORSE. 



1. Lips. 

2. Nose. 

3. Face. 

4. Forehead. 

5. Eyebrows. 

6. Forelock. 

7. Ears. 

8. Lower Jaw. 

9. Cheeks. 

10. Nostril. 

11. Poll. 
ll.aThroat. 

12. Parotid. 

13. Neck. 
13.aMane. 

14. Jugular. 

15. Breast. 

16. Withers. 

17. Back. 

18. Ribs. 

19. Girth. 

20. Loins. 

21. Croup. 

22. Tail. 

23. Anour, or Dock. 

24. Flanks. 



25. Belly. 

26. Sheath. 

27. Testicles. 

28. Shoulders and Arm. 

29. Elbow. 

30. Fore-arm. 

32. Knee. 

33. Cannon, or Shank. 

34. Fetlock. 

35. Pastern. 

36. Coronet. 

37. Foot. 

38. Ergot and Fetlock. 

39. Haunch. 

40. Thigh. 

41. Stifle. 

42. Buttocks. 

43. Leg. 

44. Hock. 

46. Cannon, or Shank. 

47. Fetlock Joint. 

48. Ergot and Fetlock. 

49. Pastern. 

50. Coronet. 

51. Foot. 



[77] 



SKELETON OF THE HORSE. 



A. Head. 

B. Lower Jaw. 

C. Atlas, or first vertebra of Neck. 

D. Axis, or second vertebra of Neck. 

E. The remaining five cervical verte- 

brae. 

F. Spinous process of back withers. 

G. Dorsal and Lumbar vertebrae. 
H. Sacrum; base of croup. 

I. Coccygeal, or tail bones. 

J. Scapula, or shoulder blade. 

K. Humerus, or arm-bone. 

L. Radius, or bone of fore-arm. 

M. Carpal, or knee bones. 

N. Trapezium, or bend of knee bone. 

O. Metacarpal, or cannon bone. 

P. First Phalanx, or pastern bone. 

Q. Large sesamoid bone. 

R. Second phalanx, or coronet bone. 

S. Third phalanx, or foot bone. 

T. Ribs. 

U. Coccyx, or croup bone. 

V. Femur, or thigh bone. 

X. Patella. 

Y. Tibia, or leg bone. 

Z. Hock, or tarsal bones. 

a. Cannon, or metatarsal bones. 

b. First phalanx, or pastern bone. 

c. Large sesamoid. 

d. Second phalanx, or coronet bone. 

e. Third phalanx, or foot bone. 

f. Superior band of cervical ligament. 



Zygomatic arch. 

Orbital cavity. 

Nasal, or face bones. 

Incisor teeth. 

Molar teeth. 

Scapulo-humeral, or shoulder arm 
joint. 

Acromion process, or spine of the 
shoulder blade. 

Hollow of the shoulder blade. 

Cartilage of shoulder blade. 

Superior tuberosity of the numer- 
ous. 

Olecranon, or elbow bone. 

Cartilage of the ribs. 

Haunch, external and internal 
angle of ilium. 

Sachium, posterior angle of the 
ilium. 

Great trochanter. 

Small trochanter. 

Articulation between femur and 
tibia. 

Superior tuberosity of tibia. 

Calcaneum. 

lead of the fibula. 



[78] 




[79] 



PART III. 

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



As an introduction to the chapter on diseases and their 
treatment, we here offer a brief discussion of the anatomy and 
physiology of the horse, confining this discussion to the more 
salient points of difference between the equine and the human 
organism, and referring our readers to the works on human 
anatomy and physiology for general information upon such 
points as are common to both horse and man. 

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 

For convenience of classification we may consider the animal 
body as made up of several systems, each working to a certain 
extent independently of the. rest, but all necessary to the com- 
plete organism. These are, (1) the bony system, or skeleton, 
which serves as a frame-work supporting all the other parts; 
(2) the muscular system, which serves as the ropes by which the 
other parts are moved; (3) the nervous system, which, including 
the brain, controls all other organs; (4) the digestive system, by 
which the nourishment of the body is prepared; (5) the 
circulatory system, which carries this prepared nourishment to its 
proper destination; (6) the excretory system, by which certain 
deleterious substances are removed from the body; and, (7) the 
generative system, through which the species is propagated. 
Within these systems are also included the special organs of 
locomotion and of sensation. 

[81] 



g2 THE HANDY HOKSE BOOK. 



THE SKELETON. 



The bony frame-work of the horse is composed of two hundred 
and forty-seven bones, apportioned as follows: 

1. Bones of the skull '.""."""", \'"~ 

2. Bones of the spinal column and tail, embracing: 7 cervical, 18 dorsal, 6 

lumbar and 17 caudal vertebrae • ••••• 

3 ^ Bones of the face, jaws, etc., embracing: 18 bones in the face and lower 
* jaw; 40 teeth; 4 bones in each ear, and 5 bones at the base of the 

tongue ***" ' !" 

4. Bones of the thorax, embracing: 18 bones on each side and the sternum m 

the middle " 

5. Bones of the pelvis • L" ""l!"" * 

6 Bones of locomotion, embracing in front: the scapula, humerus, os brachn, 

8 carpal bones, 3 metacarpals, os suffraginis, os corona* os pedis, os 
naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea; total, 20 on each side 40 

and behind : , , , a 

the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 6 tarsal bones, 3 metatarsals, os suffra- 
ginis, os corona, os pedis, os naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea; total, 19 on^ 
each side 

The nomenclature of the various portions of the skeleton will 
be comprehended by reference, to the accompanying chart. 

•In constitution and function the various bones of the horse 
differ in no essential point from those of man, except the teeth, 
whose peculiarities of construction and growth are .fully 
considered in the section devoted to their connection with the 
age of the horse. The skull of the horse, like that of man and 
other animals, is composed of several pieces, joined together by 
sutures, and forming a chamber which contains the brain; this 
chamber is prolonged posteriorly by the narrow cavity of the 
spinal column which contains the spinal cord, while the spinal 
column itself is composed of numerous portions so joined together 
as to give a considerable degree of flexibility, combined with far 
greater strength than would be attained in a single bone. 

The bones of the face and lower jaw, the ribs, and pelvic bones, 
differ chiefly in form from those of man. The most notable 
difference between the two skeletons in these regions is the 
absence of the clavicle in the horse. 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. S3 

The bones of locomotion in the horse offer more resemblances 
to those of man, after careful investigation, than will at first be 
suspected. Taking the fore limbs the identical function of the 
shoulder blades mil at once be perceived: it is easy to see that 
the humerus in the horse bears a strong resemblance to that in 
man. Next comes the radius, with its prolongation forming the 
elbow; next the carpal bones, occurring in the knee of the horse, 
according to the popular idea, and in the wrist of man; next the 
metacarpals, corresponding to the five bones of the hand, and 
which in the horse now number but three, viz: the large meta- 
carpal or cannon bone, and the two small metacarpals or splints ; 
but the researches of Marsh and others into the history of the 
fossil horse have shown that the earliest forms of the horse 
probably possessed five metacarpals, with the corresponding toes, 
and that the one now left corresponds with the larger or middle 
finger of man. From this point down the relationship between 
the three bones below the fetlock, the lower one having its 
horny hoof, with the three bones below the knuckle, the last one 
with its horny nail, is easily perceived. In the same manner the 
resemblances between bones of the hind extremities of the horse 
and the lower extremities of man may be traced, thus suggesting 
the query whether Gulliver's experience with the Houyhnhnnis 
was simply the creation of 'Swift's fertile imagination, or was the 
working of that law of the transmigrationist, whereby the im- 
pressions received in a pre-existent state are sometimes revived in 
our minds? 

THE MUSCLES. 

In respect to constitution and general function the muscular 
system of the horse differs in no important point from that of 
man. In one as in the other, to attain the highest degree of 
health and vigor it is necessary that the muscles be abundantly, 
though not excessively nourished, and that they be regularly and 
judiciously exercised. The horse confined to his stable and 
highly fed will develop a soft, flaccid muscle, fit for but little real 
service; while, on the other hand, excessive labor upon scant 



84 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

feed will cause a general weakening of the muscular fibres. The 
proper mean of sufficient exercise, with just enough food, is one 
difficult to attain, and~yet one necessary to the highest degree of 
serviceability in the animal. i&| 

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

In organization and function the nervous system of the horse 
is the same as that of man. Being less highly organized the 
horse is less liable to diseases of a purely nervous character than 
man, yet he is not wholly exempt, as will be seen in the follow- 
ing discussion of diseases and their treatment. In some respects 
the sensory nerves of the horse are more acute than those of man, 
and in others less so. Thus the sense of touch, which in man is 
developed chiefly in the fingers, is most highly developed in the 
horse in the lips and nose; while in the general sensitiveness to 
pain from wounds, etc., the horse, in common with most dumb 
animals, seems to suffer much less than man. The hearing of the 
horse seems to differ but little, in domestication, from that of 
man, though in the wild state it is doubtless more acute; and the 
same may be said of the sense of smell. Horses seem less subject 
to deafness than man, but are not entirely exempt. They evi- 
dently have a well-developed sense of taste, and their vision is no 
doubt in all respects similar to that of man, while it is extremely 
liable to impairment. 

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 

The digestive organs of the horse differ but little in general 
function from those of man. The teeth are wholly herbivorous 
in their construction, instead of being herbo-carnivorous as in 
man. The . oesophagus has at its lower extremity a valve, which 
prevents the return of matter from the stomach to the mouth, 
so that it is impossible for the horse to vomit. The stomach 
holds but about three gallons, and is partly divided by a con- 
striction, thus showing a greater resemblance in size and form to 
the human stomach on the one hand than to the large, compound 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 85 

one of the ruminants on the other. The intestines of the horse 
have a total length of a little more than ninety feet, while those 
of the ox are about one hundred and fifty feet in length, and 
those of man about twenty-five feet. (The weight of man is 
about one eighth that of the horse.) In the horse the large 
intestine is about one third the length of the small; in man, 
about one fifth that length. 

The liver, pancreas, and spleen perform approximately the 
same functions in the horse as in man, and are not particularly 
liable to any special diseases. 

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 

The circulatory system of the horse is constructed upon the 
same general principles as that of man. The position of the 
principal blood-vessels is shown in the illustration on page 91. 

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM. 

The chief organs, of excretion, viz: the skin, lungs, liver, and 
kidneys, perform the same functions in the horse as in man, 
which is the removal from the body of the deleterious substances 
produced by the wear of its tissues. These substances consist 
chiefly of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen; the carbon passing 
away from the lungs as carbonic, acid; from the liver in connec- 
tion with hydrogen in certain forms of fatty matter; the nitrogen 
being chiefly eliminated by the kidneys in the form of urea. 

Physiologists have established the fact that the prompt removal 
of these substances is even more essential to the health and life 
of the mammal than regular supplies of food, since life may be 
supported for a considerable period with but little food, but the 
complete suppression of any of the excretory functions will 
produce death in a very short time. Hence the necessity for 
thoroughly understanding these functions, and the treatment 
required to maintain their healthful action. Thus vigorous 
exercise causes a rapid disintegration of the animal' tissues, and 
a consequent increase of the work to be performed by the excre- 



86 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 

tory organs; if this exercise be carried to excess, stimulating the 
skin and lungs to their utmost, and largely increasing the heat of 
the body, and then this heat be suddenly lowered by exposure to 
cold draughts of air in the street, or in an open stable, congestion 
of the pores of the skin and membranes of the lungs results, and 
they are rendered unable to properly perform their functions. 
High feeding and lack of exercise also cause derangement of the 
liver and kidueys, by necessitating an abnormal action of these 
organs in order to remove the accumulation of deleterious matter. 
The above brief hints are merely designed to show the necessity 
for a careful investigation of the nature and functions of the 
excretory organs. A complete discussion of this question would 
be foreign to the purpose of this book, since it would add nothing 
to what already exists in any good treatise on human physiology. 

THE GEKEKATIVE SYSTEM. 

The generative organs of the horse are thus described by 
"Stonehenge" : 

" The male organs of generation consist of the testes and their 
ducts, the vasa deferentia, the latter conveying the semen to the 
urethra, or to the vesiculse seminales, which are oval bags con- 
nected with the upper surfaces of the neck of the bladder. Here 
the seminal fluid is stored up for use, and when wanted is 
conveyed into the vagina by means of the external organ or 
penis. The anatomy of the testicles is that which mainly con- 
cerns the horse-master, as they are generally removed by operation. 
They are contained within the scrotum, which is externally com- 
posed of skin, wrinkled in the foal, but subsequently distended 
by the size and weight of its contents. Beneath this .is a layer 
of a pale-yellowish fibrous membrane called the dartos, which 
envelops the testes and forms a separation between them. A 
thin coat of cellular membrane alone separates this from the 
double serous membrane, the tunica vaginalis, which almost 
entirely envelops each testis, just as the pleura 'does the lung. 
In the early stages of foetal life the testes are contained within 




m 



DIGESTIVE APPAKATUS OF THE HOKSE. 



1. Mouth. 

2. Pharynx. 

3. CEsophagus. 

4. Diaphragm. 

5. Spleen. 

6. Stomach (left sec.) 

7. Duodenum. 

8. Liver — upper extremity. 

9. Large colon. 



10. Caecum. 

11. Small intestine. 

12. Floating colon. 

13. Rectum. 

14. Anus. 

15. Left kidney and its ureter. 

16. Bladder. 

17. Urethra, 



[89] 



CIRCULATORY ORGANS OF THE HORSE. 



1. Heart — right ventricle. 

2. Heart — left ventricle. 

3. Heart — left auricle. 

4. Pulmonary artery. 

5. Pulmonary veins. 

6. Anterior aorta. 

7. Common carotid artery. 

8. External maxillary artery. 

9. Left axillary artery. 

10. Dorsal artery. 

11. Superior cervical artery. 

12. Vertebral artery. 

13. Humeral artery. 

14. Radial artery. 

15. Collateral of the cannon. 

16. Coronary branch. 

17. Posterior aorta. 



18. Cardiac trunk, distributed to the 

stomach. 

19. Mesenteric vessels. 

20. Renal artery. 

21. Spermatic artery. 

22. Posterior vena cava. 

23. Venae porta?. 

24. External iliae artery. 

25. Internal iliae artery. 

26. Subsacral artery. 

27. Femoral artery. 

28. Posterior tibial artery. 

29. Digital artery. 

30. Veinous network of the foot. 

31. Veins of the leg. 
33. Jugular vein. 



[90] 




[91] 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 93 

the abdomen above the peritoneum; but being attached to the 
scrotum by a thin muscle (the cremaster) they are gradually 
dragged downwards through the inguinal canals, and each brings 
a double layer of peritoneum, which continues its connection 
through life, so that fluid injected into the cavity of the tunica 
vaginalis will flow into the peritoneal cavity. Hence inguinal 
hernia in the horse becomes scrotal in a very short space of time, 
and rarely remains confined to the former position. The testicles 
with their appendages, the vesiculae seminales, form the semen 
by the usual process of secretion. They are of about the size of 
a duck's egg, and besides their attachment by the reflexions of 
the tunica vaginalis to the scrotum, they have also the spermatic 
cord which suspends them to the inguinal canal through which 
it passes. This cord it is which is divided in castration, and it is 
well to ascertain its component parts. They are: 1st. The 
artery which supplies the testicles with blood, and is of consider- 
able size, and tortuous in its course. 2d. The artery of the cord, 
small and unimportant. 3d. The veins which accompany these 
arteries. 4th. The nerves and absorbents, the division of the 
former giving great pain and causing a slight shock to the system. 
5 th. The vas deferens, or duct carrying the semen to the urethra, 
and possessing walls of such thickness that it feels like whipcord 
under the finger. These several parts are connected together by 
cellular membrane, and covered by the two layers of reflected 
peritoneum, namely, the tunica vaginalis and tunica vaginalis 
reflexa; by the thin layer of the cremaster muscle, as well as by a 
fourth investment, a continuation of the superficial fascia of the 
abdomen. All these parts must be divided before the canal is 
reached, for operating in castration. 

"The female organs of generation are essentially the ovaries, 
the uterus and its appendages forming the bed in which the 
embryo is nurtured to maturity. The ovaries are two small oval 
bodies, about the size of large walnuts, situated behind the kid- 
neys, and having the fimbriated extremities of the fallopian tubes 
hanging loosely adjacent to them. These tubes, one on each side, 
terminate in the uterus, which is of a remarkable shape in the 



94 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

mare. It consists of a body and two horns. The body has a 
month, or os, which opens into the end of the vagina, while, in 
itself, it is oblong, and in the unimpregnated state is contained 
entirely within the pelvis. Anteriorly it divides into two horns 
(cornua), which diverge toward the loins, turning upwards, and 
lying under the wings of the ossa ilii. They terminate in rounded 
extremities. Each cornu receives the fallopian tube of its own 
side, the opening being so small as scarcely to admit a silver 
probe. The vagina lies between the bladder and the rectum, and 
is about eighteen inches in length; it is lined with mucous mem- 
brane, and surrounded with muscular fibres, which form the 
sphincter vaginae." 

SPECIAL ORGANS. 

The two special organs of the horse which are most liable to 
disorder are the eye and the foot. Jhe former, standing so 
prominently out from his head as it does, is especially liable uo 
injury from external sources, while it seems to be at the same 
time peculiarly susceptible to diseases of a sympathetic nature; 
while the latter, being the locomotive organ of the animal, and 
thus subjected to excessive strains and jars in carrying the heavy 
body over hard roads, is so liable to injury, and yet so necessary 
to the usefulness of the horse, that the familiar adage "no foot, 
no horse, ,, is no exaggeration of its importance. 

THE EYE. 

The most noticeable points of difference between the human 
eye and that of the horse are (1) the horizontal elongation of the 
pupil, which seems to be designed for the more ready admission of 
light from the sides, thus extending the horizontal field of vision; 
(2) the floating appendages or curtains hanging from the upper 
side of the pupil, which apparently serve to moderate the direct 
rays of sunlight; and (3) the third eyelid, or band, technically 
the membrana nictitans, the use of which is to assist in clearing 



AHATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



35 



the eye of any dust or other foreign matter which may get 
into it. 

In many forms of disease the eye soon manifests its sympathy 
with the diseased condition of the body, and then this membrane 
may be seen partially drawn over the eyeball. This has often 
been ignorantly supposed to be the cause, instead of the effect of 
the disease; the horse has been said to have the "haws," or 
"hooks," and the membrane has been cut away, much to his 
injury and discomfort. 

• Sometimes the brown color of the iris is replaced by white, in 
which the horse is said to have a wall, or glass eye. This is not 
considered any blemish, so far as the usefulness of the organ is 
concerned. 

THE FOOT. 



The bones of the foot are, (1) the foot-bone proper, or coffin 
bone, (os pedis); (2) the coronary bone, (os cor once); (3) the 



A. Os pedis — foot bone. 

B. Os naviculare — nut bone. 

C. Os coronae — coronary bone. 

D. Os suffraginis — pastern bone, 

E. Point of insertion of coronary tendon. 

F. Concavity to give attachment to the cartilage of 

the foot. 

G. Groove which receives a division of the blood- 

vessels coming round from behind. 




Bones of the Foot. 
pastern bone, (os suffraginis); (4) the navicular, or nut bone, (os 
naviculare). These are shown in their relative position in the cuts 
on this and the following page. These bones are furnished with 



96 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

numerous processes, or points of attachment for the tendons of 
the muscles by which they are controlled, which tendons extend 
upward beyond the knee and hock before they swell into muscles. 
Between the tendons lie the nerves and blood-vessels which 
supply the lower extremities, and the whole are closely invested 
with the outer integument, which changes in character at the 
upper portion of the coffin bdne from the skin and hair which 



A. Coffin or foot bone. 

B. Navicular or nut bone. 

C. Coronary or lower pas- 

tern bone. 

D. Upper pastern bone. 

E. One of the sesamoid 

bones. 

F. Cannon or shank bone. 

G. Horny frog. 
H. Sensitive frog. 
K. Sensitive sole. 

L. Horny or insensitive 
sole. 

M. Outer wall or crust. 

N. Laminated leaves or 
horny plates. 

O. Sensitive laminae. 

P. P. Tendon of the exten- 
sor muscle of the foot 
and coronary bones. 

E. E. Tendon of the flexor 
muscle of the coronary 
and foot bones. 



Section of the Foot and Pasterns. 
covers the rest of the body to a firmly built, horny material, 
called the hoof. 

The hoof consists" of three parts : ( 1 ) the crust, which reaches 
from the edge of the hairy skin to the bottom of the foot, 
averaging about three inches and a half in depth by half an inch 
in thickness in front, the thickness diminishing to a quarter of 
an inch on the sides, and consisting of horny fibres arranged 
vertically; (2) the sole, or horny plate at the bottom of the 
foot, which should be slightly concave downwards, and is fixed to 
the inner edge of the crust and the outer edges of the bars, but 




ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



97 



not to their lower surfaces; and (3) the frog, which is the 
prominent, triangular and elastic substance which fills the space 
between the heels posteriorly, the bars on each side, and the sole 
in front. This frog forms an elastic, htfrny cushion, lying 
immediately beneath the navicular bone, and spreading out poste- 
riorly on each side into a thin band which covers the bulbs of the 
heels and passes around the foot at the junction of the hairy skin 
and hoof, constituting what is known as the coronary band. 
This coronary band is abundantly supplied with blood-vessels, 
and in it the growth of the hoof takes place. The coronary sub- 
stance extends downward between the hoof and the bone, and 



A. Outer crust. 

B. B. B. Coronary band. 

C. Groove of the coronary cush- 

ion. 

D. Plates of horny laminae. 

E. Upper surface of horny sole. 

F. F. Bars or binders. 

G. G. Fissures in which the sen- 

sitive frog is imbedded? 
H. Inward projection, corre- 
sponding with the cleft of 
the frog. 



The Hoof. 

terminates in thin plates or lamince, which are plentifully supplied 
with blood-vessels, and form a secretory surface which aids the 
coronary substance in forming the horn. They are continuous 
at the sole and frog with similar substances, the whole serving 
both for the growth of the exterior parts, and as an elastic 
cushion to mitigate the jar caused by the descent of the foot upon 
the ground, as they are firmly connected with the bone within as 
well as with the horn without. 

It will thus be seen that the pressure of the pedal bone does 
not come wholly upon the sole of the foot, but is largely sup- 
ported by the attachment of the laminae to the horny front and 




98 THE ha:n"dy horse book. 

sides. In some forms of disease this attachment becomes weak- 
ened, thus allowing a greater pressure upon the sole, and 
producing the deformity called flat-foot. 

The growth of the outer shell of the hoof takes place, as has 
been said, at the upper margin, called the coronary band; in 
healthy feet this growth is continuous, causing a lengthening of 
the hoof similar to that of the finger nails. If the horse be 
moderately used on gritty roads without shoeing the hoof will be 
worn away at the bottom as fast as it receives new growth from 
the top and will remain of a uniform length. If the horse be 
but little used, and this only on soft ground, it may be necessary 
to remove the superfluous growth by artificial means; and the 
same will be the case with horses that are kept constantly shod. 
In the case of the sole of the foot, however, there is seldom any 
occasion for removing any portion except to trim off the ragged 
edges of the horny plates of which this part is composed. One of 
the most frequent errors in shoeing is to cut deeply into the 
sole and frog with the buttress, thus weakening the natural 
support of the coffin bone, and inducing serious lameness. 
The best horse-shoers now have little or no use for the but- 
tress, leveling the foot and removing its surplus growth of 
crust wholly with the knife and rasp, and merely trimming the 
frog and sole. 

The shoe should be perfectly level on its lower face, toes and 
calks being used only when necessitated by icy weather. The 
face next the foot should be made concave, so that the outer 
crust only will press upon its edge, since the sole requires space 
for a certain amount of vertical motion, and will be injured by 
pressing against the inner edge of the shoe. 

Bearing in mind the natural use of the frog it will readily be 
seen that the horse should be so shod that the frog may receive 
some pressure; if, however, the shoeing has for* some time been 
done in such a manner as to lift the frog wholly from the ground, 
the change to a rational method should be made gradually, as the 
frog loses its elasticity from disuse, and the sudden change is 
liable to produce lameness. 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



TELLING THE HORSE S AGE BY THE TEETH. 

Upon this subject we quote from Boericke & Tafel's "Manual 
of Veterinary Practice," the following account of the dentition of 
the horse, which is taken from the English work entitled "Horses 
and Stables, 1 ' by Colonel F. Fitzwygram. The illustrations are 
re-engraved from a recent article on this subject, in the Journal 
of the Royal Agricultural Society, by Prof. Gr. T. Brown, of 
the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council, England: 

" Structural alterations take place in the teeth every year from 
birth up to the sixth year; hence there can rarely be any question 
as to the real age of a horse up to that date, though dealers often 
try to deceive the unwary by various tricks. Such tricks are, 
however, easily detected. 

" After the mouth is fully completed, the age can only be 
approximately determined, by the effect of wear in altering the 
shape of the teeth, by the receding of the gums, and by other 
such signs. 

" Many circumstances, however, often contribute to modify the 
effect of wear on the teeth, and also to increase or decrease the 
action of time in other respects. Hence, after six years old, a 
correct opinion can only be formed by those who have given to 
the subject some time, thought, and trouble. 

"The foal is born usually with two, sometimes with three, 
temporary molars in each jaw. About twelve months old 
another molar, a permanent tooth, appears, and before the com- 
pletion of the second year a fifth molar, also a permanent tooth, 
shows itself. 

" At about two and a half years the two anterior temporary 
molars are replaced by permanent teeth, and between three and 
four the remaining, or third, temporary molar is similarly 
replaced; and about the same time the last or sixth permanent 
molar begins to appear. Thus when the mouth is completed, 
there are six permanent molars in each jaw, or twenty-four 
in all. 



100 



THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 



" These structural changes afford a very good index of the age 
of the horse up to the period when they are completed, namely, 
four years old. The molars, however, are seldom referred to, 
because their position at the back of the mouth renders their 
examination inconvenient, and often very difficult. Nevertheless, 
it is useful to be acquainted with the structural changes of these 
teeth, in cases where there may be a doubt as to the true age, as 
indicated by the incisors. After four years old, the molars are 
not often taken into consideration in determining the age of the 
horse. 




Incisors of Colt at Birth. 



"We may mention, in passing, that a supplementary molar, 
known as a "wolf-tooth" sometimes appears in either jaw Such 
teeth seldom cause any inconvenience. If they do so, they can 
easily be removed by the pincers, as they are only of a rudi- 
mentary character. 

" The anterior teeth, or incisors, are six in number in each jaw, 
when the mouth is complete; and in the immediate rear of these, 
in males, there is usually added one very peculiar pointed tooth 
on each side in each jaw, called a tusk. Though there are two 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



101 



crops of incisors, yet there is but one of tusks. In fact, these 
teeth, though they begin to appear at about four years old, are 
not usually fully developed until the last permanent incisor is 
more or less up. 

" For the sake of brevity we shall confine our remarks to the 
lower jaw, as the structural changes which take place in the 
upper are nearly similar. In passing, however, we may remark 
that the upper incisors are considerably longer and larger than 
the lower. 

" Temporary, otherwise called milk incisors, are easily distin- 
guished from permanent incis- 
ors by the following well- 
marked signs, namely: they are 
smaller, whiter, and have more 
distinct necks. They are 
smooth externally, and grooved 
on the inside, probably in order 
to enable the foal more easily 
to grip the teats of the dam. 
Their fangs are small, and have 
but little attachment to the 
gums. The jaws are plump, 
fleshy, and round, and the 
teeth are arranged in some- 
thing like a semi-circle. 
"Permanent incisors, on the other hand, are 
larger, broader, wider in their necks, grooved 
externally and smooth internally, and more Permanent Incisor. 
discolored than milk teeth. The discoloration 
is due to the lodgement, in the grooves, of the juices and other 
matters connected with the food. The object of the external 
grooving is probably to enable the animal to get a better grip on 
grass and such like food. The plumpness and circularity of the 
jaw are less marked than in the younger animal, and gradually 
decrease, until in old age the teeth are arranged in a nearly 
straight line. 




Temporary 
Incisor. 




102 THE HAKDY HOBSE BOOK. 

" The foal is born with his teeth in a rudimentary state in the 
gums. At various periods during the first ten months the differ- 
ent temporary incisors appear. Under one year old the foal is 
also clearly distinguished by a woolly tail. 

u The yearling's mouth is complete with all six incisors, but 
several well-marked signs distinguish his mouth from that of the 
two-year-old. The teeth at this period show but little signs of 
wear. The corner teeth are mere shells, having, no inner walls, 
and all the teeth are in close juxtaposition. 



Incisoks of Colt at Six Months. 

" At two years old, the inner wall of the corner teeth has 
grown up level with the outer wall. The centre teeth show con- 
siderable signs of wear, and indeed all the teeth appear somewhat 
smaller than they did in tlie yearling. They also stand some- 
what wide apart at their necks, on account of the gradual growth 
of the jaw in width. 

" A few months before three years old the horse sheds the two 
centre milk teeth, which are replaced by permanent ones. Thus 
the jaw contains at three years old two centre permanent teeth 
and two milk teeth on each side. 

11 A few months before four the horse sheds the two next milk 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



103 



teeth, which, are replaced by permanent. Thus the jaw now con- 
tains four permanent teeth, and one milk tooth on each side." 

During the fourth year the horse gets sixteen teeth, viz: four 
incisors, four tusks, and eight molars. Hence it is not surprising 
that horses at this age are especially delicate. 

" A few months before five the horse sheds the two remaining 
milk teeth, which are replaced by permanent. Thus the jaw is 




Incisors of Yearling Colt. 

now furnished with six permanent incisors, but the corner teeth 
are mere shells, having no internal wall. The absence of this 
wall distinguishes the five from the six year old mouth. 

" A few months before six the inner wall of the corner teeth 
has grown up level with the outer wall. 

" The mouth is now fully complete in incisors, and no further 
structural changes take place in them. As a general rule, we 
may add that the upper temporary teeth fall out a little before 
those in the lower jaw. 



104 THE HAKDY HOUSE BOOK. 

" Up. to six years old, therefore, inasmuch as we have structural 
changes to guide us, there can seldom be any doubt as to the age 
of the animal. There are, however, some well-authenticated 
instances of abnormal development of the permanent incisors, but 
they are rare. 

u Thoroughbred horses date their ages from the first of January, 
whilst other horses are reckoned from the first of May. 
Thoroughbred mares are covered so as to throw their foals as 
soon as possible after the first of January; whilst in regard to 
other mares the owner does not wish to have their progeny born 
before the spring grass is available for the sustenance of the dam 
and her foal. 

"High feeding encourages the' growth of the teeth in common 
with the rest of the frame. Hence thoroughbreds (independently 
of their earlier date of foaling) are somewhat more forward in 
their mouths than half-bred animals. 

" It is a common practice among dealers to pull out the milk 
teeth about to fall out next. Nature, however, does not supply 
the riermanent tooth much before its proper time. The absence 
of a milk tooth, when its place has not been supplied by a per- 
manent tooth,- need not mislead any one. 

" The Mark. — Hitherto We have taken no notice of the mark, 
or infundibulum. We have abstained from doing so, not because 
the marks in the young mouth do not afford some indication of 
the age, but because fuller and more satisfactory evidence, up to 
six years old, is afforded by the structural changes detailed above. 
After six, however, we are compelled to have recourse to the in- 
dications given by the marks, and other slight, but gradual 
alterations, which take place in the form of the teeth. 

u A satisfactory explanation of the mark cannot, we are afraid, 
be given without entering at some length into the structure and 
organization of the teeth. The mark is a very peculiar hollow, 
extending, when the first tooth comes up, about half an inch 
down the temporary, and rather deeper down the permanent 
incisors. 

"Teeth practically may be said to consist of two materials, viz: 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 105 

enamel and dentine. Enamel, which is very hard, sharp, and 
originally of pearly whiteness, covers the outside of the teeth, and 
also lines the sides and bottom of the hollow or infundibulum. 
Thus in the tooth, as it originally appears, there are four walls of 
enamel. The remainder of the tooth consists chiefly of dentine, 
a substance of considerable, but less hardness than enamel, and 
more like ivory. A small quantity of crusta petrosa (cementum) 
is also found on the outside. 




Incisors of Two-Yeak-Old. 

" When an incisor first comes up the hollow affords lodgement 
for the debris of the food, and the juices expressed from it, and 
therefore soon looks black. As the tooth wears down the hollow 
of course disappears; but the surface of the dentine immediately 
below the original hollow, being a somewhat soft material, has 
become stained for some distance down. Thus there is still a 
black mark. With the further wear of the tooth the stained 
portion of the dentine wears away, and the mark is then said to 



106 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

be out. The mark, as the reader will easily see from this descrip- 
tion, is in a constantly changing condition. 

" Premising that the time which the mark will take to wear 
out will vary to a greater or less degree, according to circum- 
stances to be detailed hereafter, we shall now endeavor to give 
some general rules for guidance. 




Incisors of the Three- Year-Old. 

" Between three and five years old the marks are very plain in 
the permanent incisors. At six, the marks are wearing out of 
the two centre teeth, which came up at three years old. They 
are plain in the two next, and perfectly fresh in the two corner 
teeth. 

"At seven the marks have disappeared from the centre teeth, 
are wearing out of the two next, and are distinct and plain only 
in the two corner teeth. 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



107 



u At eight the marks have disappeared from all but the corner 
teeth, in which they are becoming indistinct. 

u At nine the marks are not usually found in any of the 
teeth. 




Incisors of the Four- Year-Old. 



" For about two years after the mark has disappeared in each 
tooth there may still be seen in the form of "a star a trace of the 
enamel which lined the bottom of the original hollow, and which 
underlies it for some depth. The star of course decreases in size 
with the wear of the teeth. At about twelve or thirteen the last 



108 



THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 



traces of the enamel have usually disappeared even from the 
corner teeth, but it may remain for some time longer. 

" Many casual circumstances, however, cause a certain degree 




Incisors of the Five-Year-Old. 



of deviation from these general rules. The time which the mark 
takes to wear out will vary in different horses, according to the 
hardness or otherwise of the teeth, and according to the hardness 
of the food on which the animal is kept. In grass-fed horses the 



AKATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



109 



marks usually remain at least a year, and sometimes two years 
longer than in those fed on hard food. Again in parrot-mouthed 
horses, that is, where the upper overlaps the lower jaw, the marks 
may remain for many years. 

" On the other hand some horses, which have a trick of hiting 




Incisors of the Six-Year-Old. 



the manger, may wear down their teeth very rapidly, and there- 
fore lose their marks very early. Horses fed on salt-marshes, 
where the sea-sand is washed up among the grass, or on sandy 
plains or meadows, are affected hy the increased friction on the 
teeth caused by the sand. Occasionally a projecting tooth in the 
upper jaw may cause unusual friction on the corresponding tooth 



110 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 

of the lower jaw, and so may hasten the obliteration of the 
mark.- 

" Most of these, and other causes of irregularity of wear which 
might be mentioned, are at once apparent to a careful and 
accurate observer, and will scarcely prevent his forming a pretty 
correct opinion of the age. 

"The upper incisors, as previously stated, are considerably 
longer and larger than the lower, and the inf undibulum is nearly 
twice as deep; the marks therefore remain longer than in the 
lowei teeth. We mention this in passing, lest the reader should 
be misled if he should by chance refer to the indications given 
by the upper teeth to corroborate or correct any opinion as to 
age, about which he may be in doubt from the appearance of the 
lower jaw. 

" Occasionally the dentine on the side of the inf undibulum 
may become stained, and even black, and in such cases something 
like a double mark may be observed. 

" The mouth taken as a whole is broader at seven years old than 
at any other period. After this it gradually narrows with age. 

"Bishoping. — Marks on the incisors are occasionally simulated 
by means of caustic or the hot iron, by low dealers, with the view 
of deceiving the unwary. The fraud is readily detected, because, 
though it is easy to make a black mark on the crowns of the 
teeth, yet it is impossible to restore the wall of pearly enamel, 
which, as explained above, surrounds the natural mark. 

" The Fang-hole, or Secondary Mark. — At about nine years old, 
in consequence of the wearing down of the teeth, a slight trace 
of the fang-hole usually appears in the centre teeth, and some- 
what later in the other teeth. It is indicated by a slight 
discoloration of the tooth at the above point. There is, however, 
no actual hole, because with advancing years the upper part of 
the original cavity has become filled up with a sort of spurious 
dentine, which is more yellow than the true material, of which 
the body of the tooth consists. As age increases this indication 
of the fang-hole, which is sometimes called the ' secondary mark,' 
becomes rather more plain. It, however, affords no reliable data 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



Ill 



by which to judge of the age, and is only mentioned in this place 
lest the reader should mistake it for the remains of the infundi- 
bulum. The enamel, it will be remembered, is pearly white, 
whilst the mark of the fang-hole is brownish-yellow. 

" It will be seen that at about nine years the ' marks ' entirely 
fail us; and, indeed, after seven or eight they can hardly be said 
to afford any reliable data. 

" From eight years old and upwards the best indications of the 

age are given by the 
gradual alterations which 
take place in the shape of 
the teeth from wear, and 
in the closing of the 
mouth. 

" The teeth originally 
are broad laterally at their 
upper surfaces, otherwise 
called their crowns or 
'tables,' and thin from 
front to rear. They nar- 
row gradually towards 
their necks and fangs, 
while they increase in 
depth from front to rear. 
Hence, as their upper sur- 
faces wear off, the teeth be- 
come narrower and deeper 
year by year. In very old 
horses there is often a 
positive interval between the teeth, and they appear like triangu- 
lar sticks in the jaw. 

" The gradual effect of wear in producing this alteration is 
shown in the accompanying diagram, where successive portions 
of the upper surface of the tooth are represented as having been 
removed by the saw, and their cross-sections are shown at the 
right-hand. 




Shape of the Surface of the Horse's 
Tooth at Different Ages. 



112 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

"The amount of wear on the upper surface' of the teeth is 
greater in the young mouth than it is afterwards, because in 
youth the teeth meet more fairly than they do in after years. 
It gradually decreases as years increase, because the teeth do not 
meet so directly, but, on the contrary, project more and more 
forward in something like two parallel lines. For example, a 



Incisors of the Seven- Year-Old. 

quarter of an inch will usually be worn off the surface between 
five and six years old, whilst probably not more than that 
quantity will be worn off between twenty and twenty-five 
years old. 

"At six and up to eight years old, the teeth are all broad 
laterally at their upper surfaces. Up to this time the exact year, 
as the reader will recollect, is pretty well known by the marks. 
At nine, when the marks fail, the alterations in the crown surface 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 113 

or table come to our aid. The two centre teeth, which came up 
at three, become somewhat triangular. At ten the two next 
teeth show similar signs. At eleven the corner teeth have become 
somewhat triangular. At twelve the triangularity has increased 
in all the teeth. This alteration continues to increase in all the 




Incisors of the Eight- Year-Old. 

teeth until in very old horses the depth from front to rear exceeds 
the lateral width of the teeth. 

"Again, as age increases, the teeth, notwithstanding they 
really wear down, become apparently longer. This effect is due 
to the fleshy parts of the gums receding faster than the teeth 
wear down. In extreme age, however, when the gums have 
receded as far as they can, the effect of wear causes the teeth to 
become visibly as well as really shorter. 



114 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

u An alteration also takes place in the position or 'slope 7 of the 
teeth as regards their closing. This is due to the effect of wear. 
Owing to the curved shape of the tooth its upper portion is nearly 
perpendicular, whilst the lower pari? lies in a more horizontal 
position. Hence in youth the teeth meet directly, whilst in ex- 
treme age they can scarcely be said to meet at all. Their stumps 
project forward in two almost parallel lines. 




• Incisors of the Ten- Year-Old Mare. 

" Up to twelve years old there can scarcely be much difficulty 
in forming a pretty correct judgment as to the age. After that 
time it requires more time, practice, and opportunity than most 
people have at disposal, to obtain the requisite knowledge. 

" It would probably scarcely interest the non-professional 
reader to trace very minutely the changes which take place after 
twelve years old. Suffice it to say, that the gums continue year 



ANATOMY AKD PHYSIOLOGY. 115 

by year to recede, the teeth become apparently longer and really 
narrower, and consequently the intervals between them increase, 
and they project forward more and more in a straight line. 

"At about twenty-four, and in some instances a good deal 
sooner, the teeth, which up to this period have apparently in- 
creased in length, begin to grow visibly shorter, because the gums 
are .so far absorbed that they can recede no further. Hence all fur- 




Incisors of the Twelve- Year-Old. - 

ther wear shows its effects by diminishing the length of the teeth. 

" Loss of Circularity. — In the very young horse the teeth are 
arranged almost in the form of a semicircle. Year by year this 
form changes, until in old horses the teeth are arranged in some- 
thing like a straight line. 

" The Tusks. — In horses, as distinguished from mares, great 
assistance in determining the age is derived from the presence of 



116 



THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 



the tusks, which are generally wanting in the latter. The tusks 
usually begin to appear in a very slight degree at about three and 
a half or four years old. Their sharp points then just pierce the 
gums, and they continue to grow until fully developed at about 
five or five and a half years old. They do not meet like other 
teeth, and therefore do not suffer wear from that cause. They 
suffer, however r from wear in the course of mastication, and in 




Incisors of Horse (Epirus) at Nineteen. 



fact undergo greater changes than any other teeth, and so form 
a valuable guide as to age. 

"The tusk is a very peculiar-shaped, elongated tooth. Inter- 
nally it consists of dentine, and is protected on the outside only by 
enamel. The enamel, however, overlaps the dentine, and hence 
arises the sharp edge or hook of the newly-developed tusk, which 
may be felt if the finger be brought round it from behind. 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 117 

"The sharpness gradually wears off. After seven it has 
disappeared, and in each succeeding year the tusk becomes not 
only rounder and blunter, but its upper portion wears off. It 
also appears yellow, on account of the dentine becoming exposed 
by reason of the enamel wearing off its exterior surface. The 
tusks, unlike other teeth, do not apparently increase in length 




Incisors of Horse (Kremxin) at Nineteen.* 

with years, but become shorter and shorter. In fact the effect of 
wear is greater on them than on other teeth, and it is also greater 
than the process of the receding of the gum. In very old horses 

* The two cuts illustrating the mouths of " Epirus " and " Kremlin " are given 
by Prof. Brown to show the differences in appearence which may exist in the 
teeth of aged horses when there is no corresponding difference in years, these 
horses being of the same age, although "Kremlin" would be taken to be the 
older by most observers. 



118 THE HAKDY HORSE BOOK. 

the tusk is very little above the level of the gum. Mares some- 
times have four small rudimentary tusks. 

" In judging of the age of the horse by the teeth, every collat- 
eral circumstance requires to be taken into consideration, such as 
the form of the mouth, the way in which the teeth meet and 
close on each other, the food on which the animal has been kept, 
any irregularity in the upper teeth which may cause increased or 
diminished wear on the lower teeth, and also the habits of the 
horse in the stable. The teeth of animals which bite at the rack 
or manger whilst being cleaned, invariably present appearances 
of wear beyond their real age. 

" The body also presents many indications of the age which 
may assist us in forming an accurate opinion, and sometimes may 
enable us to correct an erroneous impression produced by some 
abnormal appearance of the teeth. The young horse is fleshy 
about the gums and head, and the hollow over the eye is shallow. 
Year by year, as age increases, the gums lose their fleshiness, the 
head becomes more leau, and the hollow over the eye deepens. 
The shoulders lose much of their thickness and become finer, and 
assume an appearance of greater length. The hind-quarters in 
like manner lose some of their roundness, and the animal generally 
gains an appearance of more breeding than he had in his younger 
days. The back becomes more or less hollow, a result partly due 
to the effect of weight, especially in long-backed animals, and 
partly to loss of fleshiness in the muscles which run along the 
spine. 

" Again, as the horse becomes old, the fulness of the chin 
under the mouth disappears. The inferior margins of the 
branches of the bone of lower jaw also become thin. Lastly, the 
general appearance of the aged horse is much influenced by the 
work he has done, and the treatment he has received. 

"Age must not be judged by any one sign, but by a mean 
judiciously-struck between all the signs, and by a careful consid- 
eration of all the collateral circumstances. It never happens 
that all the signs combine together to deceive a careful and well- 
informed observer. 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 119 

" From these pages the reader will perceive that after six years 
old; that is, after the structural changes in the mouth are com- 
pleted, it is impossible to lay down any single definite rule by 
which the age can be ascertained. Still, with a little trouble and 
attention, there is no real difficulty in acquiring a knowledge of 
the horse's age up to a comparatively late period of his life. 11 



PART IV. 



A TREATISE 



DISEASES OF HORSES 



ALFRED TIHKLER WILSOK, Y. S.. 



SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. 



[121] 



PART IV. 

THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 

By A. T. Wilson, V. S. 

In the following pages it is not intended to criticise the opinions 
and modes of practice of those who have gone before us; on the 
contrary, we have heartily to thank them for their labors. Our 
effort shall be to simplify treatment as much as possible, to bring 
it more in unison with the wants of the country in which we 
live, and, above all, to save the unfortunate horse from unneces- 
sary " meddlesome medication." Neither is it intended to assist 
in the manufacture of " horse doctors, 1 ' who are already too numer- 
ous; these pages are simply intended as a guide to the intelligent 
horse-owner in the hour of need, and as such it is hoped that they 
will prove acceptable. In no respect are they to be considered as 
a complete work on the subject, and the author's principal claim 
is his long experience (more than fifty years) as a practitioner of 
veterinary medicine and surgery. 

OPTHALMIA. 

Commencing with the horse's eyes, we will first consider the 
disease commonly called moon blindness. 

Symptoms. — The lids of one or both eyes — generally but one — 
are swollen and closed, and the horse cannot bear the light; the 
insides of the lids are red and inflamed, the eyeballs look " milky," 
and tears run down. 

Causes. — The cause is in most cases hereditary, but the affection 
may also be produced by the irritation caused by hay-seeds, dust, 
Spanish-needles, the moon and wolf teeth ( the last two being con- 
sidered under the light of "moonshine.") 

[123] 



124 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

Treatment.— We recommend thorough bathing with water 
made as hot as can be borne by the hand; excluding the light by 
a shade of wet woollen cloth, or by leaving the horse in the stable 
during treatment. At night the outer parts around the eye may 
be bathed with a lotion composed of one drachm of sulphate of 
zinc, dissolved in one quart of water. The feed should be soft 
bran mash, made by wetting bran with cold water in which nitre 
has been dissolved, at the rate of half an ounce to a gallon of 
water. The horse may have hay or cut grass, but should not be 
turned out to grass. He may be worked moderately if his eyes 
are shaded. This disease is very deceiving; the eye may clear up 
and appear to be well, but will soon be as bad as ever again, and 
these fluctuations will continue until complete blindness in one 
or both eyes ensues. 

HOOKS. 

Inflammation of the membrana nictitans is by common folks 
called hooks; and we think they are very sensible in doing so, 
although we rather like a little Latin now and then, because it 
looks ornamental. This membrane is the third eyelid, or washer, 
referred to on page 94, whose use is to wash or clear the eyes of 
foreign substances. 

Symptoms. — The membrane seems considerably enlarged, is red 
and inflamed, and spreads more over the eyeball than usual, not 
returning to its place as in health. 

Causes.— Principally cold drafts, such as those produced by 
cracks in the side of the barn, open doors, etc.,- facing storms, 
and a disordered state of the blood. Cases of lockjaw are often 
mistaken for hooks. 

Treatment. — Whoever proposes to cut out the hooks should be 
treated with contempt, and, if caught in the act, should be 
arrested, under the act for the prevention of cruelty to animals; 
yet no mawkish sentimentality should prevent the performance 
of necessary surgical operations by competent men. 

The outer edges of the eye should be diligently bathed with 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 125 

hot water, and I will here say that whenever hot-water bathing 
is recommended— and that is pretty often— the water should be 
as hot as can be borne by the hand, and should be diligently and 
well applied. If a man thinks he has done a good job by merely 
wetting the parts he is very much mistaken. The horse should 
be fed on a cooling diet, such as bran mash. These bran mashes 
are made by pouring boiling water over wheat bran until it is 
thoroughly scalded, when it is covered until cool enough to use. 
In some cases cold water is preferable. 

BIO HEAD. 

Osteo sarcoma is the proper name of this disease, and it is 
chiefly met with in the middle and western States. Pennsylvania, 
Ohio and Indiana seem to have more than their share. 

Symptoms.— A. swelling of the bones of the face extending 
from the eye to the nose, and in many cases causing great dis- 
figurement and inconvenience. The horse seems stiff in the 
joints, weak and not inclined to move. 

Causes. — The causes are not known, but are supposed to be the 
constant use of corn for feeding purposes. 

Treatment.— WiHa us all attempts to cure this disease have 
failed or proven unsatisfactory. We have heard of cures by the 
use of the cautery (red-hot iron) and also by making an incision 
on the most prominent portion of the enlargement and inserting 
arsenic; but how these methods are to clear the system of the 
disease, or reach the fountain head, we do not understand. 

LAMPAS. 

Close behind the front teeth in the upper jaw we may perceive 
a sort of baggy projection of the palate, which is often higher 
than the level of the teeth, and is sore and tender. This is what 
is called the lampas. It is generally incident to the teething pro- 
cess, but older horses frequently have the same affection. 

Symptoms.— -In connection with those described, the horse 



126 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

refuses to eat, or attempts to do so, but drops the food from his 
mouth. 

Treatment — Feed, the horse on soft feed — boiled oats, bran 
mash, etc.— and in every bucketful of the water he drinks dissolve 
a tablespoonful of nitre * No burning, cutting nor other barbar- 
ism should be allowed. 

APTHA. 

This is better known under the general name of sore mouth, 
and should receive attention, as the horse is liable to suffer from 
lack of nourishment. 

Symptoms.— The horse refuses to eat, and small, puffy swellings 
are found under the tongue and around the sides of the mouth, 
inside. 

Causes.— Injuries from the bit, too tight checking up, feverish- 
ness resulting from teething, rough corn, cuts from the sharp 
edges of corn stalks and improper doctoring. 

Treatment— Give warm, soft feed and nitre-water, and swab out 
the mouth two or three times a day with a strong solution of alum. 

WOLF TEETH. 

Wolf teeth are incident to all young horses, and give them far 
less trouble than they appear to give their owners. They will 
drop out in due time, and do not injure the horse's eyes any more 
than they do his tail. (See page 100.) 

JAGGED AND DECAYED TEETH. 

When horses get old they are liable to get uneven, sharp, or 
projecting teeth; these should be rasped down with a tool made 
for the purpose. Decayed teeth should be extracted, but such 
cases need a veterinary surgeon. The symptoms of decayed or 
uneven teeth are the dropping of the food in the form of a quid, 
hence the term quidder. 

*As this use of nitre or saltpetre will Le frequently recommended, it will 
ferred to simply as nitre-water. 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 127 



ADENITIS. 



This name, first adopted by Mr. Armitage, V. S., of London, is 
much more appropriate and intelligible for glandular inflammation 
than such unmeaning terms as " horse distemper," "strangles," u colt 
distemper " and " horse-ail." The disease is incident to all young 
horses, and in some respects resembles the " mumps " of children. 
When it appears late in the spring and in fine weather young 
horses seem to get along without difficulty, but in the early 
spring, when the snow is drifting over the glassy surface of the 
prairie, the poor colt, with his tail to the wind which is whistling 
through his only shelter — a rail fence — surely needs our attention. 

Symptoms. — Loss of appetite; gulping loudly when drinking; 
coughing, with evident pain; saliva dribbling from the mouth; 
nose extended as with poll-evil; swelling of the glands below the 
ears (parotid) and between the jaws (maxillary), and difficulty of 
breathing. 

Causes. — Unknown. 

Treatment. — Keep the colt in a sheltered place (not too warm), 
and if he can swallow try him with a little linseed mash,* boiled 
oats, or other soft feed; give him nitre-water to drink, fastening 
the water-pail in his feed-box so that he may drink at his leisure. 
In mild weather the glands may be bathed with hot water, but in 
cold weather it is better to rub them with a mild blister-ointment. 
When the centre of the abcess beneath the jaws is soft (not be- 
fore) make an opening with a sharp knife large enough to put 
the thumb into, and let out the pus or matter. 

CHOKING. 

This accident is of common occurrence, and no time should be 
lost in attending to it. If a veterinary surgeon can be had it is 
better to give the case to him. 

* Linseed mash is made by putting a peck of flaxseed into a large vessel — as a 
wash boiler — filling up with water, and simmering for eight to ten hours, and 
\rhen cool adding about a quart of this to six quarts of bran. 



128 THE HANDY HOKSE BOOK. 

Symptoms. — The horse stands with his fore legs stretched for- 
ward; he contracts the muscles of his neck with great force; a 
ropy fluid runs from mouth and nostrils, and his look is haggard 
and distressed. 

Causes. — Eating too fast; pieces of corncob, etc., lodging in 
the gullet; oats, bran, etc., getting into the windpipe. 

Treatment. — First pour down a pint or so of raw linseed oil, 
olive oil, or melted lard; feel with your fingers on the outside of 
his thuoat for a corncob; not finding any, cut the top off your 
buggy-whip and tie a piece of soft leather or sponge firmly to 
the whip, dip it in lard, and insert it gently, first drawing out the 
tongue. This and manipulating with the hand sometimes suc- 
ceeds ; if not, continue the oil. 

CRIBBING. 

Cribbing is biting at the manger or other projections. 

Symptoms. — The horse, when in the stable, will bite or merely 
push the front teet.h against the feed-box or stall, at the same 
time giving a little grunt. When in pasture he will do the same 
against posts, fences, etc. 

Causes. — Idleness, indigestion, playfulness and imitation of 
other cribbers. 

Treatment. — Place the horse in a box-stall lined with boards 
about eight feet high, so that there shall be no projections of any 
sort; give him his hay on the floor in a corner and his feed in a 
large iron pot, also on the floor. When out keep him checked 
up or away from projecting woodwork of any kind, and remember 
that "eternal vigilance 1 ' is the remedy for a cribbing horse. 

WIND SUCKING. 

Wind sucking is merely a form of cribbing. 

Symptoms. — The horse stands with his nose bent inward, and 
nibbles with his lips, as if trying to catch a straw. He seems to 
imbibe air, but this is doubtful. Horses having the habit are 



THE DISEASES OF HOUSES. 129 

subject to flatulent colic, but whether indigestion causes wind- 
sucking, or vice versa, is a question as yet unsettled. 

Causes. — Same as those of cribbing. 

Treatment. — A leather strap about two inches wide may be 
buckled around the throat as tight as the horse can bear without 
danger of choking; this will prevent him from bending his neck. 
The strap need only be worn in the stable, unless the horse in- 
dulges the habit while in harness. 

POLL-EVIL. 

Symptoms. — A few inches behind the horse's ears, and on one 
or both sides of his neck, an enlargement of considerable size 
appears; the horse extends his nose, and his neck becomes stiff. 

Causes. — This affection is frequently caused by blows or by 
bruises, received by striking the head against the beams over- 
head, the edge of the feed-box, or the top of a low doorway, or by 
pulling at the halter. It is also sometimes due to hereditary 
scrofulous taint. 

Treatment. — The diligent application of hot water several times 
a day, and an hour each time, will often scatter the swelling, if 
attended to in time; but if this opportunity be allowed to pass 
the abcess becomes a fistula, and sinuses form. When this is the 
case a veterinary surgeon should be consulted immediately, as the 
fistula will require to be freely opened, and a removal of the 
sinuses will be necessary to complete cure. 

COUGH. 

A cough is frequently found in connection with other diseases, 
and we must endeavor to trace it to its source. 

Causes.— Among the causes of coughing are lung fever, pleurisy, 
bronchitis, consumption, hydrothorax, epizootic, worms, heaves, 
sore throat, damp stables, 'musty hay, shedding the hair, changes 
of weather, indigestion, noxious gases, sudden cooling after over- 
heating, etc., etc. 

5 



130 THE HAtfDY HORSE BOOK. 

Treatment. — The horse should be kept quietly in the stable, 
and fed on boiled oats, linseed mash, etc. The kidneys may be 
stimulated with nitre-water. 

SORE THROAT. 

This disease is often the forerunner of others of a very serious 
character, and the horse-owner is advised to pay attention to it 
in time. 

Symptoms. — When the horse lowers his head to drink he jerks 
it up again quickly, as if the water was hot, and makes a cluck- 
ing noise at the same time. He smells of his food and seems 
hungry, but does not venture to swallow. 

Causes. — Changes of weather, exposure to storms, shedding the 
coat, etc. 

Treatment. — Hot-water bathing, judiciously applied, the throat 
being well dried by rubbing with a dry cloth after each bathing, 
and kept covered between times with woollen cloth, is good. A 
mixture of equal parts of aqua ammonia and raw linseed oil may 
be gently rubbed around the throat, and a piece of flannel fastened 
around. The food should be boiled gruel, made thin enough to 
either eat or drink. No hay or other rough feed is needed until 
the horse begins to nibble. 

LARYNGITIS. 

This is an inflammation of the larynx, and the larynx is at the 
top of the trachea or windpipe. (In the figure on page 88 the 
trachea is seen lying beneath the oesophagus, and the larynx lies 
immediately 'under the pharynx.) The progress of the disease 
is rapid and alarming, and its result often fatal. 

Symptoms. — If sore throat has been neglected or wrongly 
treated, we find the horse is getting worse, and the case soon 
assumes a strongly marked character; the breathing is attended 
with a. loud, snoring noise, and eventually becomes so difficult that 
the horse seems about to fall; as the disease progresses the horse 






THE DISEASES OF H0BSES. 131 

breathes with a whistling sound, like the escape from a steam- 
valve; he stamps with his fore feet, and finally reels and falls 
dead of suffocation. 

Causes. — The causes are the same as those that originate sore 
throat. 

Treatment. — No medical treatment will avail after the disease 
has reached the stage of heavy breathing described. The only 
remedy is the operation of tracheotomy, and therefore a veterinary 
surgeon should be procured as quickly as possible. 

YEKTIGO. 

Symptoms. — Sometimes when a horse is being driven he shakes 
his head and hangs back, or .turns to one side, or acts as if there 
were something in his ear. If he be allowed to stop and rest, the 
trouble may pass away, but if he be kept going he will soon 
stagger again, and probably tumble over, when he may lie like a 
drunken man, or plunge violently until he regains his feet, and 
then go off as if nothing had happened. During the attack he 
seems quite unconscious. 

Causes. — These are various, including high feeding, idleness 
followed by sudden exertion, tight collars, checking too high, hot 
or " muggy " weather, and hard driving on a full stomach. 

Treatment. — Get the horse out of the harness and let him alone 
until thoroughly rested. 

PHEENITIS. 

This is inflammation of the brain, and in its worst stages is 
frightful to look upon, and the horse cannot be approached with- 
out great danger. 

Symptoms. — The first thing noticed may be the refusal to eat; 
the horse appears sleepy, and leans his forehead against the front 
of his stall as if he had a bad headache ; he staggers when mov- 
ing, and looks so drowsy that he is said to have sleepy staggers. 
After some time he will start suddenly, as if frightened, and will 



132 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

rear and snort and nicker, and plunge around in the most fearful 
manner. He is then said to have the mad staggers. 

Causes. — Too much grain or hay; too much fat; too much 
working on a full stomach. 

Treatment. — The administration of medicine while the horse is 
in his frenzy is manifestly impossible. He should be turned into 
a large open lot and let alone. 

SOFTENING OF THE BRAIN. 

Softening of the brain is a very serious matter, and the horse 
should be disposed of at once. Trust no lady with him. Cases 
of this disease are by no means uncommon. They are called 
dummies by the horse jockeys. 

Symptoms. — In young horses this disease is frequently mistaken 
for awkwardness. The horse will sometimes suddenly stop, and 
try to knock his head against something; if wanted to turn he 
will go straight ahead, regardless of all tugging at the bit; when 
he stops he will stand stock still, exactly as his feet happen to be 
at the moment; he may bear to one side, or run up against a 
fence or building, in spite of all the driver can do; in the stable 
he may get across the stall, or get his feet in the manger, or get 
entangled in the halter, and cut his heels or break his neck (a 
consummation devoutly to be wished!) 

Causes. — Not always known, but these symptoms sometimes 
follow sunstroke. 

Treatment. — None of any service, and the animal is worthless. 

CEREBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS. 

Within the last thirty years this disease has appeared at various 
times in the United States, and has- made fearful havoc in the 
large cities. It is a disease of the brain and spinal cord. 

Symptoms. — In most cases this disease seems to come on slowly. 
Perhaps for several days the horse may seem weak and uneasy in 
his hind legs, tender along the backbone, and inclined to stagger 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 133 

when turning. After a while he gets down and lies quiet and 
exhausted, or struggles occasionally. He grinds his teeth and is 
very nervous. 

Causes. — The causes of this disease are not well understood. 
It is believed to be epizootic, and is communicable from one horse 
to another. 

Treatment — We know of none better than good care. Give 
nitre-water, and let the horse drink all he wants. Bathe along 
the spine with whiskey and water, equal parts, gently rubbed in. 

TETANUS. « 

This disease is better known as lockjaw. It is a disease of the 
nervous system, and, like other diseases of the same class, is fatal 
in its effects and distressing to look upon. 

Symptoms. — The first symptom likely to attract attention is 
that the horse seems stiff, as if he were foundered; he extends 
his nose, as if he had poll-evil; his eyes seem sunk in his head, 
and if you raise the head the " washer J] in the corner of the eye 
will slip half-way over the eyeball, and then the " doctors " say 
he has the " hooks." This symptom is a sure guide. His ears 
stand up as if they were made of sheet iron; his tail quivers and 
stands out; he turns around stiffly; he cannot lie down, but may 
fall down, and if he does he will fall like a wooden table, and it 
is likely to be his last fall. 

Causes. — Running nails into the feet is the most frequent 
cause, »but kicks, blows, bites, runaway accidents occasionally 
cause this disease, and we sometimes ascribe it to a " cold." 

Treatment. — In the treatment we must use judgment and 
common sense. The entire nervous system seems to be strung 
up to its highest tension, and when the horse is approached, even 
quietly, he seems H be afraid. The rustle of the straw, even, 
will alarm him, and he will jump backwards at the most trivial 
motion. To tranquilize the system, then, is the main point. 
Place him in some building secluded from noises and other ani- 
mals; fasten a bucketful of cold oatmeal gruel in his manger, 



134 THE HAKDY HORSE BOOK. 

and give some grass or wetted hay, if his jaws are not entirely 
closed. The sympathy of outsiders strongly inclines them to 
doctor him for something, but quiet attendance once a day is all 
that is really necessary. 

RABIES. 

This is canine madness, better known as hydrophobia, and, 
like most other diseases of the brain, is both distressing to con- 
template aud dangerous. ^ 

Symptoms. — The first symptoms generally appear from two to 
six weeks after the inception of the disease. The horse has a 
wild look; he screams, nickers and bites, and snaps at anything 
within reach, and has strange twitchings about the lips. He 
strains to pass excrement, both liquid and solid, and is dangerous 
to approach. 

Causes. — The bite of a mad dog, generally, but the bite of any 
other rabid animal will produce it. 

Treatment. — A bullet, administered without delay. 

CRAMP. 

This is of very common occurrence, and may show itself in 
various ways, all sufficiently alarming. We remember going six- 
teen* miles in pouring rain, at midnight, to see a horse of great 
value with his stifle out. While the owner was gone for a light 
we gave the horse a smart rap wij;h a broom handle, and* when 
the light came the horse was cured. 

Symptoms. — The trouble most frequently occurs in the hind 
legs, in the stifle joint especially. It sometimes comes on sud- 
denly in turning or moving the horse, and a sudden scare will 
sometimes affect a cure. Cramp of the whole body frequently 
occurs in lockjaw. 

Causes. — A spasmodic action of the muscles, due to various 
causes, and aggravated by too long confinement in the stable 
without exercise, 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 135 

Treatment. — None of any use, except close attention to diet 
and exercise. 

SUNSTROKE. 

Horses, fat horses especially, are frequently sunstruck, some- 
times falling suddenly, at others giving warning. 

Symptoms. — The gradual approach of sunstroke is indicated by 
the lagging of the horse at his work; he disregards the word or 
whip; soon stops entirely; holds down his head, pants, and stag- 
gers; when this occurs the harness should be immediately re- 
moved, and the horse led to a shady place. 

Treatment. — It is not necessary to rush around in an excited 
manner, for the horse wants a little time to rally. Whether 
he is standing or lying down, let him alone for a while; then 
pour cold water on the top of his head and along his back. It 
will be also well to pour quietly into his mouth a mixture of two 
ounces of either sulphuric or nitric ether and a quart of cold 
water. 

PARALYSIS. 

Symptoms . — The horse is sometimes found in the stable unable 
to rise to his feet, and this occurs generally in the morning. If 
you look around you may see some signs of a "scrimmage," such 
as broken woodwork, buckets knocked over, etc. The horse is 
often found stretched out his full length, and apparently taking 
things philosophically, but you will find that he has not the 
power to rise. If the horse is on his feet, or working, when first 
noticed he will seem fidgetty, will look around toward his hind 
parts, which will appear weak, he will knuckle over at the pas- 
tern joint, will sweat profusely, and finally fall, when he will 
probably remain quiet, except with his fore legs. 

Causes. — Indigestion, injuries to the spine, hard pulling, severe 
exertion after long idleness, and high feeding. 

Treatment. — If in winter, have the horse placed in a roomy box 
stall, or on a barn floor, well bedded, and protect his head with 
bundles of straw. If in summer, he may be left in a grass-lot. 



136 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

He should be turned over twice a day; his feed should be bran 
and oats, with wetted hay or fresh grass and plenty of water. 
At the beginning of the attack the bladder should be emptied 
with a catheter; the spine maybe bathed with whiskey and water, 
and ten drops of the tincture of nux-vomica, mixed in half a pint 
of water, may be given every day. 

AZOTURIA. 

This is a disease of the system generally, but is characterized 
by very dark urine, and occurs most frequently in mares during 
heat. 

Symptoms. — An attack of this kind is generally sudden, and 
often occurs while at work. The horse sweats profusely, knuckles 
over at the hind pastern joints, and soon falls. He is flat on 
his side, stretching out his hind legs and head, and soon shows 
that he is utterly unable to rise on his feet, except, perhaps, that 
he may rise on his fore feet. The breathing is often quick and 
distressed, and the muscles of the hind-quarters are swollen and 
quite hard to the touch. It is a disease which very much puzzles 
the owner, for the animal may lie apparently easy, after the first 
day, and will eat and drink almost as usual; but it has no power 
to rise, nor to stand, if lifted to its feet. One fore-leg is generally' 
kept in motion. 

Causes. — Although this disease is usually attributed to sexual 
heat, we have had a great number of cases among geldings, and 
we have observed that it very often occurs after the horse has 
been for some time idle and is suddenly put to work, especially 
when corn has been liberally fed. 

Treatment. — The catheter should first be used to empty the 
bladder, which gives great relief at once. The urine will be found 
to be of a very dark color, similar to strong coffee. Some have 
supposed this color to be due to blood, but that is a mistake. The 
next thing is to give a full quart of raw linseed oil, with two 
ounces of spirits of turpentine mixed and shaken up in it. Next 
give an injection of warm water — say six quarts — containing a 



THE DISEASES OF HOESES. . 137 

pint of linseed oil, or an ounce of barbadoes aloes, or half a 
pound of bar soap. The horse should be kept well bedded, and 
should be turned over once or twice a day. 

CATAEEH. 

Catarrh, when accompanied by a clear discharge from the 
nostrils, is ordinarily called " cold in the head." 

Symptoms. — The eyes seem tender and watery; there may be a 
slight discharge from the nose, and there may be a slight cough; 
the horse seems dull and stupid, does not care to eat, and has not 
the least disposition to play. 

Causes. — Sudden changes of temperature ; exposure to wet and 
cold; change from country to city; changing the coat, etc.; 
traveling on the cars, and especially too sudden cooling after 
active exercise. 

Treatment. — The horse should be kept in a comfortable but 
well ventilated stable; the action of the skin should be stimulated 
by vigorous currying, and he should be put to no labor until well. 
His food should be boiled oats and linseed mash, with nitre-water, 
or water containing linseed tea (a quart to the pail of water) for 
drink. 

NASAL GLEET. 

All discharges from the nose, in horses, should be regarded 
with suspicion, for they are sometimes the beginnings of serious 
diseases. 

Symptoms. — A discharge from the nose which has existed for 
some time and become chronic in character, especially if tinged 
with bloody streaks and accompanied with matter or pus, indicates 
the presence of this disease. The lining membrane of the nose 
assumes a brick-red color, and the horse loses flesh. 

Causes. — Confirmed catarrh; insufficiency or poor quality, of 
food; general neglect. 

Treatment. — Remove the causes; feed liberally and keep well 
groomed; keep the nostrils well sponged out, and mix in his food 



138 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

once a day a level tablespoonful of sulphate of iron (copperas) 
or sulphate of copper (blue vitriol.) 

GLANDERS. 

Glanders frequently succeeds nasal gleet, and the casual observ- 
er sees no particular change; examination, however, shows that, 
although not always perceptible, the destructive force has steadily 
progressed, and, whether the disease has succeeded nasal gleet, or 
has been communicated by inoculation, the characteristics of 
glanders soon become sufficiently marked, at least for the ex- 
perienced eye. If a horse is supposed to have glanders the owner 
should lose no time in having him examined by a veterinary 
surgeon; for the risk of handling a glandered horse is about as 
great as sauntering through a powder-mill with a lighted cigar in 
your mouth. Feeding, cleaning, working, or handling him in 
any way is done at the risk of your life. As an instance in point, 
some years ago I met a man driving a team of good farm horses, 
and stopped him to make some inquiries. While talking to him 
I noticed that both horses had a discharge from the nose, and, on 
close scrutiny, discovered that they were glandered. I tried to 
explain the case and warn the driver, but he was a German and 
could not clearly understand me, and merely laughed and shrugged 
his shoulders. He was a stout, florid, healthy looking man. In 
about three weeks afterward I learned that he was dead, and the 
report from three physicians was that he died in a loathsome 
condition from glanders. 

Symptoms. — The early symptoms are like those of nasal gleet, 
but after a while the discharge becomes stinking, or it may be 
mixed up like glycerine, blood and matter, with no smell. Look- 
ing up the nostril we may see round ulcers, here and there, on the 
division or septum of the nose. These, however, are not always 
present. Between the jaws, on the inside of the jaw-bones, a 
little back of the centre, we may find a hard knot, about half the 
size of a hickory nut, which seems stuck to the bone. This, if 
the horse is poor and wasted-looking, and the knot on the same 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. ; 189 

side as the discharge, settles the verdict. In chronic cases of 
glanders the horse is often fat and sleek, and able to work, and 
these cases are most liable to deceive the unwary. 

Causes. — Contagion, cold, wet, filth, neglect. 

Treatment — In the hands of a good surgeon, and under 
favorable surroundings, it is possible to cure glanders; but to 
those for whom this treatise is written we would say, don't 
attempt it, but administer a bullet without delay. 

Glanders is transmissible to men only through abrasions of the 
skin, but a pin scratch is sufficient inlet for the admission of the 
poison, hence the danger of handling horses affected with this 
disease. 

FARCY. 

Farcy is very nearly akin to glanders, both in origin and ter- 
mination. Many horses that are attacked in a mild way, and 
properly cared for, recover; but it is a disease that requires close 
watching. 

Symptoms. — In mild cases we may perhaps first notice round, 
hard blotches, or tumors, coming on the inside of the thighs and 
along the neck. They often resemble blood-warts, so called; 
this form is popularly called button farcy. If this is not checked 
the legs and sometimes other parts may become enormously swollen ; 
foul smelling ulcers appear, and there is a stinking discharge 
from the swollen nose. 

Causes. — The same as those of glanders. 

Treatment. — In mild cases the horse should be well fed and 
cared for, with the same treatment recommended for nasal gleet. 
In severer cases, a bullet. 

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 

This is a malignant epidemic fever that is often found as a 
sequel to other diseases. 

Symptotns. — Whoever has once seen a bad case of purpura will 



140 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

not easily forget it. In severe cases the horse resembles an ele- 
phant, and hence the disease is sometimes called elephantiasis. 
The nose is bulged out, and bloody water flows from it and from 
the mouth; the lips and the insides of the nostrils have blotches 
resembling raisins, and the legs are swelled to an enormous size, 
but the swelling seems to stop abruptly before reaching the 
shoulder or stifle. The horse stands constantly in one place, and 
seems better one day and as bad as ever the next. 

Causes. — Various. The disease often occurs after an attack of 
influenza, or any other debilitating disease, and is aggravated by 
the surroundings, or by changes of weather. The indications of 
blood poisoning are prominent. 

Treatment. — The patient should be made as clean and comfort- 
able as possible ; his food should be gruel, boiled oats and linseed 
mash; an injection of warm soapsuds, containing three or four 
pints of raw linseed oil, should be given, and repeated two or 
three times if constipation is persistent. Give half an ounce of 
pulverized chlorate of potash in a pint of oatmeal gruel or in the 
drinking water twice a day, and give nitre-water for drink, as 
before recommended. 

ANTICOR. 

This is a disease which is not very common, but we have met 
with a number of cases, which, in many instances, have man- 
ifested very alarming symptoms. 

Symptoms. — A large swelling appears on the breast, and ex- 
tends backwards under the belly, sometimes as far as the sheath, 
making the horse very sore and stiff. The disease occurs most 
frequently in colts or young horses, and sometimes while at 
pasture. 

Causes. — Disordered condition of the blood, occasioned by hot 
weather, exposure to wet, over-feeding, etc. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause, adopt a moderate and cooling 
diet; give nitre-water for drink; foment the breast daily with hot 
water, and if an abcess should appear open it freely. 



THE DISEASES OE HORSES. 141 



ANASARCA. 

This disease is also a form of dropsy which is manifested ex- 
ternally, and is sometimes called water farcy. It is, however, an 
entirely different disease. 

Symptoms. — External swellings having a puffy appearance on 
the lips, chest, helly, sheath, legs, etc., which are increased by 
idleness, and disappear with exercise. 

Causes.— Idleness, want of exercise, high feeding, etc. 

Treatment. — Give plenty of exercise, regular and moderate 
feeding on grass or soft feed, and if this is not sufficient give 
nitre-water for drink. Sometimes this disease is referable to a 
weakened condition from former disease, when more liberal feed- 
ing become necessary, and a teaspoonful of pulverized copperas 
may be given once each day with benefit. 

LYMPHANGITIS. 

This common disease is an old acquaintance with a new name 
— big-leg, weed, shot o' grease, planet-struck, milk-leg, etc., are 
among its popular appellations. It is quite time we had a refor- 
mation. 

Symptoms. — When the owner goes to his stable in the morn- 
ing and finds one of his horses that was all right the night before, 
now with a hind leg swelled as large as a small churn, the swell- 
ing reaching from the foot to the groin, that is lymphangitis. 

Causes. — Too much corn. 

Treatment. — Bran-mash mixed with nitre-water for feed, and 
a daily drench for three days of fifteen drops of the German tinc- 
ture of aconite, given in a soda-water bottle full of water. Give 
no grain until recovered. 

DROPSY. 

Under the name of dropsy we will include swellings beneath 
the chest and belly, swelled legs and sheath, yellow water, etc. 



142 THE HAKDY HORSE BOOK. 

Symptoms. — Diffused swellings in different places, sometimes 
soft, and sometimes more like dough in consistency, so that when 
pressed with the finger they retain the impress for a short time, 
accompanied with general debility and weakness. 

Causes. — Various : cold and wet, filth, neglect and bad manage- 
ment, weakened condition resulting from some other disease. It 
most frequently occurs in old horses, and also follows foaling, 
checked perspiration, diseased liver, etc., etc. 

Treatment. — The treatment should be directed to building up 
the system. Let it be done by " doctoring" and "dieting." 
Give at- the noon feed three quarts each of oats and bran, and 
shake over it one day a heaping teaspoonf ul of pulverized copperas, 
and the next day the same quantity of pulverized nitre, and so 
on alternately for a month or six weeks. Wet the feed slightly. 
For swelled legs and sheath exercise is wanted. 

DEBILITY. 

Debility may be either permanent or temporary. It is gen- 
erally the result of some previous disease, such as influenza, 
pneumonia, pleurisy, etc., and needs careful attention. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms are plain enough; the patient man- 
ifests no spirit nor ambition, and is generally poor looking and 
weak. 

Causes. — Hereditary taint, cold, dampness, filth, neglect, and 
other diseases. 

Treatment. — Good feeding and care. It is certainly the height 
of absurdity to bleed or physic away the small amount of strength 
that the animal may have left. 

GREASE HEEL. 

In its early stages this disease is called scratches and cracked 
heels. It has always been attributed to filth and neglect, but we 
have found it frequently occurring among horses that were ap- 
parently well cared for in every way. 



THE DISEASES OP HOESES. 143 

Symptoms'. — In the early stages heat and redness of the skin 
around the heels are noticeable; a little later, tenderness and 
slight cracks may be seen, and eventually the swelling, redness, 
cracks and inflammation extend above the fetlock, or perhaps 
half-way up the leg, and the hair covering the parts stands out 
like the bristles of a brush. 

Causes. — Disordered state of the blood, over-feeding, feeding 
on damaged hay, washing the legs and leaving them to dry in a 
draft, etc., etc. 

Treatment. — Make a strong bag, just wide enough to draw over 
the foot and long enough to more than cover the fetlock. Put 
this on at night, tie at the top of the hoof, and fill up with 
flaxseed meal poultice and tie again, above the fetlock; in the 
morning wash off with warm water, and apply a mixture of one 
ounce of sulphate of zinc in a pint of glycerine, first dissolving 
the sulphate in a little warm water. 

FISTULA. 

A swelling on the top of the shoulder or withers which termi- 
nates in a running sore. 

Symptoms. — A sore swelling, just in front of where the saddle 
comes, and often producing lameness. 

Causes. — Bruises from badly fitting saddles or harness, or from 
rolling; bites of other horses, blows, etc. 

Treatment. — When the swelling first appears bathe with hot 
water three or four times a day; this may disperse it, and save a 
great deal of trouble. If neglected at this time matter and sinu- 
ses will form, and the case should then be given to a veterinary 
surgeon. 

SHOULDER SPRAIN. 

Symptoms. — The horse is disinclined to move, drags his toe on 
the ground without raising his foot, and the shoulder is generally 
sore and tender. Stepping over a log will decide it. 



144 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 

Causes. — Slipping sideways, especially in muddy weather or on 
ice; rolling in the stall; slips or falls in running or playing. 

Treatment — The most essential part of the treatment is abso- 
lute rest in the stable. If there is much swelling and inflamma- 
tion, hot water bathing should be diligently employed. A mixture 
of vinegar, whiskey and water may be used in bathing. 

CAPPED ELBOW. 

The point of the shoulder, on the back part, is commonly 
called the elbow; uncommonly, the olecranon. It is liable to in- 
jury from the heel of the shoe when the horse is lying down. 

Symptoms. — -At the point designated around swelling of con- 
siderable size appears, which is hot and tender, and is sometimes 
called a shoe-boil. The sympathetic inflammation is sometimes 
quite exteusive, and is followed by a hard, callous tumor. 

Causes. — Injury from the heel of the shoe. 

Treatment. — In the early stage the diligent application of hot 
water, three or four times a day, an hour each time, will some- 
times be sufficient; but after it becomes callous a seton may be 
passed through it, or, what is better, the tumor may be dissected 
out by a competent veterinary surgeon. 

SPEEDY CUT. 

This is a dangerous accident of frequent occurrence. Horses 
that lift their legs high in trotting are very apt to strike the op- 
posite leg just below the knee, and the sudden pain is so excessive 
that they drop as if they were shot. 

Symptoms. — A swelling is seen just below the knee on the in- 
side, and the horse flinches when it is pressed upon. There may, 
or may not be a small scar, showing where the edge of the foot 
or shoe has struck. The accident usually occurs when speeding, 
and especially in turning. 

Causes. — These may be carelessness, malformation, excitement, 
sudden start from being struck with the whip, etc., etc. 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 145 

Treatment. — Bathe diligently with hot water until all inflam- 
mation has subsided. At night apply tincture of arnica. Care 
must be taken that neither hoof nor shoe project too far inwards. 
The shoe should be beveled and rounded inside. 

BROKEN KNEES. 

Slight cases of broken knees arc not of much importance; but 
severe cases claim our diligent attention. In case of the joint 
being exposed death frequently results. 

Symptoms. — In some instances the hair only is torn off, leaving 
a white patch. In other cases the roots of the hair are destroyed, 
and in still more severe cases the joint is exposed, and the joint 
oil (synovia) escapes. 

Causes. — Falls on the road, due to carelessness, tender feet, 
corns, and navicular disease, and generally happening in descend- 
ing hills, or when traveling on stony ground. 

Treatment. — In the first case, bathe with warm water, and apply 
at night equal parts of tincture of arnica and water. In the 
second case, use the compound tincture of benzoin during the 
day, and a poultice of linseed meal at night. In the third case, 
dust the wound two or three times a day by means of a dredge- 
box with a mixture of pulverized charcoal, slaked lime and wheat 
flour, and keep the horse from moving as much as possible. 

SPRAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS. 

The back sinews are those which extend from the horse's knee 
down to the foot. The sinew passes through a sheath, and its 
injury by sprain is very painful. 

Symptoms. — The horse is in great pain, and cannot put his 
foot down flat, but rests it on the toe. The back part of the leg 
is swollen, hot and tender, and the leg is quite round. 

Causes. — Slipping backwards very suddenly; hard pulling; 
getting cast in the stable, or violent efforts of any kind. 

Treatment. — Absolute and long continued rest in the stable, no 



146 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

going out for any purpose ; hot water bathing, often and diligent- 
ly applied; whiskey and water, equal parts, may be sponged on 
gently at night, and a high-heeled shoe should be placed on the 
foot to relieve the tension. If there is much fever, three ten- 
drop doses of the German tincture of aconite, mixed in a soda- 
water bottle full of water, may be given during the first forty- 
eight hours. 

RUPTURE OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT. 

This very serious and painful accident is, happily, not common, 
but when a case is once seen it will not readily be forgotten. 

Symptoms. — In giving the symptoms I will describe a case that 
came under my notice a few years ago. A gentleman came for 
me in an excited manner, and I immediately responded. The 
patient, a fine five-year-old mare, was standing in the middle of a 
large stable floor, with her front toes turned upward, and the 
weight of her body resting on the fetlocks; she was thus trying 
to steady herself from falling, while the sweat was pouring from 
her in streams, indicating the greatest agony. I at once had a 
deep straw bed made under her, and the poor animal dropped 
upon it. I then went to my office for some requisites, but upon 
returning after half an hour's absence, found two men busy 
rubbing the mare's belly with mustard and vinegar, they having 
already drenched her for hots I This was done with the full ap- 
proval of the owner, and is an example of the too common lack 
of common sense in the treatment of horses. 

Causes. — These are, in many cases, unaccountable. The acci- 
dent frequently occurs to race-horses and hunters, but rarely 
happens during moderate action. The above case, however, oc- 
curred after a quiet drive of four miles. 

Treatment. — As the horse will remain down for some time he 
must be turned over occasionally to prevent chafing. He should 
be fed on soft feed, and should have nitre-water for drink. The 
legs should be kept moist and cool by bandages of flannel satu- 
rated with a mixture of equal parts of whiskey, vinegar and 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 147 

water. Hot water bathing may well be resorted to while the 
swelling and tenderness exist. Long rest and quietude are very 
essential. Three or four ten-drop doses of the German tincture 
of aconite should be given during the first forty-eight hours. 

RIHG-BO^E. 

Ring-bone is an exostosis, or bony tumor, affecting either the 
upper or lower pastern bone, but generally occurring at the 
coronet, or upper edge of the hoof. 

Symptoms. — A swelling, attended with heat, and frequently 
with lameness, at the point affected. 

Causes. — Hereditary taint; sprains of the coffin-joint, con- 
cussion, etc. 

. Treatment. — The cure of ring-bones and spavins has for many 
a day been the harvest-field of quackery, and it is time that 
horse-owners should be a little better posted on the subject. It 
is evident that when this bony tumor has once been formed the 
diseased parts can never be restored to their original integrity ; 
restoration to usefulness, arresting the further progress of the 
disease, and freeing the horse from lameness, is all that can be 
looked for, and this is the construction that should be put upon 
the word cure. This restoration can often be effected by simple 
hot water bathing, if applied diligently when the disease first ap- 
pears; but if this opportunity is lost the disease proceeds to its 
natural termination, the joints are " welded " together and become 
perfectly immovable; lameness is succeeded by simple stiffness, 
and the horse is cured. Blistering applications of various kinds 
are useful in accelerating the natural process and putting a stop 
to lameness. 

LAMDHTlS. 

This disease of the horse's foot is better known by the name of 
founder. It consists in inflammation of the tendons, muscles, 
laminae, etc., of the feet. It is generally confined to the fore 
feet, 



148 THE HAKDY HORSE BOOK. 

Symptoms. — At the onset of the disease the horse stands stiffly 
in one place; his tail quivers; his flanks heave; he sweats pro- 
fusely; seems to wish to lie down, but does not know how to go 
about it, and is evidently in great pain. If forced to move he. 
will in desperation catch up his hind legs suddenly and walk off 
rapidly. If the horse succeeds in lying down he will manifest 
less pain, but his feet, both around the crust and at the sole, will 
be found very, tender and sensitive, with more or less heat and 
inflammation around the pastern, and especially at the coronet. 

Causes. — Long and hard drives or other overwork; plethora; 
sudden chills, as from driving into cold water when in a state of 
perspiration; over-eating or drinking, etc., etc. It is also the 
sequel of other diseases. 

Treatment. — In the beginning of the attack, when the horse is 
feverish and excited, give him twenty drops of the German tinc- 
ture of aconite in a soda-water bottle nearly filled with water. 
Two more doses of ten drops each may be given at intervals of 
two hours. Give him a good, soft bed; bathe his feet with hot 
water, and wrap them in woollen cloths wrung out of water as 
hot as can be borne; cover with a dry cloth, and leave the cloths 
on. Give soft feed only, and all the nitre-water he will drink. 

NAVICULAR DISEASE. 

This is a disease of the horse's fore feet, and is the cause of a 
great deal of worry to the owner, who fails to understand why or 
where the horse is lame. 

Symptoms. — The horse attracts our notice by the stumpy way 
in which he sets down one or both fore feet. He stumbles, even 
on level ground, and his shoes are found worn and thin at the toe. 
The muscles of his breast begin to shrink, and then he is said to 
be chest foundered. His legs and feet fail to show any blemishes ; 
the owner is puzzled and disgusted, and in this state of mind is 
very likely to doctor him for the bots. The horse suddenly seems 
to get well, and may continue free from lameness for a few days 
or weeks, when he suddenly becomes as lame as ever. Then some 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 149 

one suggests that the horse is " sweenied," and, on examination, 
the skin is found sticking fast to the shoulder, and this settles 
the matter once more; the owner rejoices that he has at last dis- 
covered the source of the trouble, and forthwith a silver quarter 
dollar, or a piece of leather, is inserted beneath the skin, and at ' 
the end of a week or two all is well again. After a while, how- 
ever, the old trouble returns, and again the horse is subjected to 
blisters, setons, and any or all of the liniments in vogue, or the 
tissue beneath the skin may be inflated by the blow-pipe or 
quill, and the rounded appearance once more makes the owner 
think that his troubles are at an end when, lo! at the end of a 
week or two, the horse is again in statu quo. All this waste of 
time and vexation of spirit has resulted from "doctoring" the 
horse's leg at the wrong end ! 

Causes. — Concussion, especially in horses with short pasterns ; 
long drives on hard roads; sudden action after long inac- 
tion, etc.. 

Treatment— Give the case to a veterinary surgeon, or take off 
the shoes and turn the horse out for a year or more. 

THRUSH. 

Thrush is a disease of the frog of either the front or hind foot, 
and, although it seldom causes lameness, it should never be neg- 
lected. 

Symptoms. — On lifting the horse's foot a foul odor is perceived, 
which comes from the cleft of the frog; a dirty discharge also 
emanates from the same source. 

Causes. — This disease is generally to be attributed to too much 
moisture, either in or out of the stable. A filthy barn-yard is a 
first-rate place to breed it. It often results from standing on 
floors saturated with urine and filth. Coarse, fleshy horses are 
most liable to it. 

Treatment. — Put the horse in a clean, dry stall; stuff into the 
cleft of the frog at night a piece of tow, upon which has been 
spread a mixture of equal parts of tar, lard, and pulverized blue 



150 THE HAXDY HORSE BOOK. 

vitriol (sulphate of copper), this stuffing to be taken out when 
the horse goes to work. 

CANKER. 

This is an advanced stage of the preceding disease. It occurs 
generally in the hind feet, and is very difficult to cure. It is 
sometimes called running thrush, in its first stages. 

Symptoms. — A very foul-smelling discharge comes from the 
cleft of the frog; this being neglected the disease gradually 
spreads beneath the sole of the foot, and sometimes causes a sep- 
aration of the whole oTthe sole from its attachments. 

Causes. — Hereditary taint and bad management. 

Treatment. — First give a dry stall. If corn has been used for 
feed, change to oats for a while. Take a piece of cotton batting, 
double it, and cut it to fit the inside of the shoes. This should 
be kept damp with a mixture of one drachm of chromic acid in a 
quart or more of water. It may be kept in place by pieces of 
hoop-iron fastened across the foot between the shoe and the hoof. 
It should be renewed two or three times a week. 

QUITTOR. 

Quittor is a fistula of the foot, occurring in the coronet, and 
generally inside. It may become a very troublesome affair if 
neglected. 

Symptoms. — The horse becomes very lame, and on examining the 
foot a small running sore is found in the coronet, which is very 
sensitive to pressure. 

Causes. — Bruises, treads, pricks in shoeing, neglected corns, 
gravel, etc., etc. 

Treatment. — Cut the hair away from the opening, cleanse it 
with warm water, and by means of a syringe having a small 
nozzle inject or rinse it out three times a day with a mixture of 
corrosive sublimate, one drachm, alcohol, one ounce, Goulard's 
extract, one half drachm. This should be prepared by a druggist. 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 151 

A rubber syringe is the best. If gravel is the cause, free vent 
must be given below. 

CORNS. 

What are called corns, in the horse, are small, soft spots, gener- 
ally of a reddish hue, situated inside of the heel, between the bars 
of the hoof and the crust or quarters. Compression upon these 
spots seems to cause great pain to the animal. " 

Symptoms. — Lameness, which disappears when the corns are 
pared down so that the shoe does not press upon them, but reap- 
pears with the growth of the sole. 

Causes. — I am not aware that unshod horses ever have corns; 
there may be some exceptions, but I think the rule holds good; 
we have, therefore, to conclude that shoeing is the cause of corns, 
and probably of other diseases as well. Shoeing may be said to 
be a necessary evil, the general idea being that all horses must be 
shod. From this idea I dissent. I believe that if horses were 
worked without shoes from colthood, they would be able to stand 
the grinding and wear of gravelled roads, or even the rough pave- 
ments of cities. " Custom is second nature.' 1 

For the last five years I have driven an unshod mare. When 
purchased, she was the subject of navicular disease, and for two 
years I tried several different kinds of shoes with but little benefit. 
I then concluded to see what unassisted nature would do, and so 
turned the mare out for a year, rounding off the edges of the 
hoof occasionally with the file. The frog assumed its natural 
proportions, the heels expanded, and the whole foot was very 
much improved, and has given no trouble since. Let it be dis- 
tinctly understood, however, that it will not do to take off your 
horse's shoes and then drive him the next day without shoes. 
Nature must have time to accommodate herself to circumstances ; 
her operations are slow and deliberate. Neither will it answer to 
turn into a soft marshy pasture, as the feet must be gradually 
accustomed to traveling on hard, rough ground. 

If we examine the feet of. other domestic animals we shall find 



152 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

that they are provided with soft, elastic cushions, which largely 
prevent the jarring of the upper parts of the body in traveling. 
In the unshod colt the frog serves the same purpose, but the 
blacksmith considers it a part of his business to cut away this 
cushion, thus throwing the whole weight of the animal upon the 
comparatively unyielding crust; more than this, the shoes are 
usually left on so long that the walls of the crust are drawn to- 
gether, thus pinching the foot and giving sufficient cause for the 
formation of corns'. 

After what has been said it may be asked, " Can we do without 
having our horses shod? ■' To this I answer, No; it is a necessary 
evil, and we must make the best of it; but I am of the opinion 
that one half the horses in common use, the world over, need no 
shoes. Horses hauling heavy loads in cities or on very hilly 
roads, or where much backing is required, or sudden pulls in 
slippery places, and under other special circumstances, call for 
shoeing; but horses kept for driving, for business or pleasure; 
horses on farms, or those whose work is moderate any where, re- 
quire no shoeing. A little care is needed to keep the outer rim 
of the hoof rounded off with the file (not rasp), and to keep it 
elastic and tough. 

Treatment. — All kinds of remedies have been used for the cure 
of corns, but I have none to. recommmend, except to take off the 
horse's shoes, have ther rims of the hoofs rounded off with the 
file, and let him run free for a year. He will be all right then, 
but if you wish to have the corns back again, put on shoes. 

SAND-CRACK. 

Horses sometimes have a perpendicular crack or split on the 
inside of the front hoof, or on the front of the hind foot, which 
is called a sand-crack or toe-crack. This is sometimes but an 
inch in length, and at other times extends to the coronet. If the 
crack be deep, it is liable to be attended with considerable lameness. 

Causes. — Blows on the inside of the front hoof, which is its 
weakest portion, or hard pulling in case of toe-crack. 



THE DISEASES OF HOUSES. 153 

Treatment. — This used to be a very troublesome affair, but 
recently a particular kind of forceps and clamp have been in- 
vented which effectually closes the crack until it grows out. 
These instruments may be obtained of Reynders & Co., 303 
Fourth avenue, New York city. 

INFLUENZA. 

This disease is now generally known under the names of epizo- 
otic, catarrhal fever, and pinkeye. It has afforded some excellent 
lessons to intelligent horse-owners, and some convincing proof of 
the triumph of common sense over quackery. Horses that were 
bled, physicked, blistered and rowelled, died; horses that had to 
swallow the various " conundrums " and specifics in vogue at the 
time had a narrow escape; those that were intrusted to nature 
and to simple remedies did well. 

Symptoms. — The horse is dull and stupid; lacks appetite; has a 
soft cough; his legs are somewhat swelled; he does not lie down 
much; the insides of his eyelids are of a yellowish-red color; 
there may be a slight discharge from the nose; prostration and 
debility are marked characteristics, and recovery is generally slow. 

Causes. — Not known. 

Treatment. — If some kind-hearted old woman had been made 
commander-in-chief during the visitation of the epizootic, it 
would have been a good thing. When she saw the poor horse 
could not eat she would have boiled or soaked his oats or corn; 
seeing his legs were swelled she would have ordered them rubbed 
with goose-grease; she would have kept him comfortable, and 
would not have allowed him to work until he was quite well. 
Although a "doctor," I cannot suggest any improvement. 

BRONCHITIS. 

This is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, generally extend- 
ing up along the windpipe, and is rather a common disease, and 
attended with considerable danger. 



154 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

Symptoms. — The most prominent symptom is the cough, which 
is loud and hoarse, and comes on in spells; the breathing is in- 
creased — sometimes very much; the horse hangs his head; his. 
mouth dribbles, and he is generally thirsty; as the disease pro- 
gresses there will be considerable discharge from the nostrils. 

Causes. — Facing storms; cold, wet weather; chills from stand- 
ing long uncovered, or from standing in cold drafts. 

Treatment. — Give soft food, linseed mash and nitre-water; keep 
the horse comfortable, and keep the nostrils clean with a sponge 
and tepid water. 

PNEUMONIA. 

This is inflammation of the lungs, and is commonly known as 
lung fever. It is a very serious disease, and requires our careful 
and diligent attention. Young, fat, full-blooded horses are the 
most frequent victims. Why some are attacked and others not, 
under the same circumstances, is a mystery. 

Symptoms. — The disease usually begins with a shivering, for 
which no cause is apparent ( as on a hot day ) ; the shivering fit is 
followed by dullness; the horse stands with his head down; his 
legs and ears are cold;. the breathing becomes short; he looks 
around at his side, but does not lie down; he seems afraid to 
cough, and a reddish looking discharge may come from his nose; 
his nostrils expand as if he had been running rapidly; he straddles 
with his fore legs, as if to balance himself; his ears droop, and at 
last he reels over and drops dead. The duration of the disease is 
six or seven days. 

Treatment. — I am inclined to the belief, based upon repeated 
observation, that in these cases "the first blow wins the battle." 
As soon, therefore, as any shivering is observed for which no 
reason can be assigned, give ten drops of the German tincture of 
aconite in a soda-water bottle nearly full of water. Give of 
this five doses, two hours apart, reducing the quantity by one 
drop at each dose. After that give nitre-water for drink; rub 
his legs frequently; keep his body comfortably warm, and give 
plenty of fresh air. 



THE DISEASES OF HOKSES. 155 



PLEURISY. 



This is inflammation of the membrane which lines the chest, 
and also covers the lungs, on one or both sides. 

Symptoms. — The ■ symptoms differ from those of pneumonia, 
chiefly in there being a tenderness to the touch in the side and 
flanks in the case of pleurisy, which is not so noticeable in 
pneumonia. The pulse is full in pleurisy, but weak in pneu- 
monia. The interior of the nostrils is fiery red in pneumonia, 
but of nearly normal color in pleurisy 

Treatment. — Woollen cloths should be wrung out of hot water 
and applied to the sides and chest, the application being repeated 
until«relief becomes evident, then the skin should be thoroughly 
dried and the horse blanketed. In other respects treat as for 
pneumonia. 

HEAVES. 

Most horsemen recognize a stong resemblance between heaves 
and asthma. 

Sym.ptm.os. — A peculiar jerking of the flanks in breathing, 
which seems to abate after the horse has traveled a mile or two. 
It is generally accompanied by a suppressed, consumptive cough. 

Cause. — Indigestion* 

Treatment. — The treatment of the heavey horse is suggested by 
the cause given. Don't let him stand all day grinding corn- 
stalks, nor clover hay, nor don't let him drink three or four 
buckets of water at one time, and then pat him to work. Run 
up two or three flights of stairs directly after you have eaten your 
dinner and you will know how it is yourself. Feed more grain 
and less hay, and give only one bucketful of water at a time, and 
not more than three or four during the twenty-four hours. 

SPASMODIC COLIC. 

I believe that more horses die of colic than of any other disease ; 
and yet it is lightly spoken of, and most horse owners seem to 



156 THE HANDY HOKSE BOOK. 

think that " anybody can cure the colic.' 1 It is, however, a very 
serious and fatal disease. 

Symptoms. — The horse apparently feels a sudden, sharp pain in 
his bowels; he looks around at the place where he thinks it is. 
Another pain comes, and he kicks at his belly. Another, and it 
cramps him so severely that it compels him to drop down, where 
he rolls and knocks himself about fearfully. He is not swollen, 
but rather gaunted in severe cases. He sweats profusely. 

Causes. — In this kind of colic, cramps in the bowels may orig- 
inate in constipation, in sudden chills, in drinking cold Water when 
too hot, or from driving into water when hot. Constant feeding 
on the same kind of food and a predisposition to the disease, may 
also be mentioned. 

Treatment. — Give the horse a large, open lot to roll in; give, as 
soon as opportunity affords, twenty drops of the German tincture 
of aconite in a pint of water; follow with an injection of a buck- 
etful of blood-warm water containing a handful of salt. If relief 
does not immediately follow, give, in half an hour, ten drops of 
the aconite, and the same dose in another half hour. Should no 
improvement be seen, give, in another half hour, two ounces of 
laudanum, mixed in a pint of raw linseed oil. The injections 
shodld be continued frequently. 

FLATULENT COLIC. 

Symptoms. — The horse is more or less inflated with gas; so 
much so, in severe cases, that he seems ready to burst. If on his 
feet, he stretches his nose forward, trying to get all the air he can, 
and either stands still or moves around in a circle. If he lies 
down it is only for a moment, as he cannot bear the pressure. 
He sweats profusely. 

Causes. — The causes are chiefly working the horse directly 
after feeding and watering, especially if he is a greedy feeder; 
feeding constantly on corn; frequent watering in hot weather; 
giving green corn, brewer's grains, etc. 

Treatment. — Where there is every reason to think that the 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 157 

stomach and abdomen are distended to their utmost capacity, the 
propriety of giving medicines of any kind has always seemed 
doubtful. Injections, that are such a great help in other cases, 
appear useless here. Cold water, put on with woollen cloths, and 
exercising moderately, seem the most rational treatment. We are 
expected, however, to do something, right or wrong, and I will 
refer the reader to the following time-honored cures: Whiskey, 
sweet milk and molasses; whiskey and pepper; vinegar and sal- 
eratus; indigo, whiskey and laudanum; mackerel brine, whiskey 
and sweet spirits of nitre; hen's dung, vinegar and baking powder; 
spirits turpentine and laudanum; chicken's inwards; ash lye; 
pumpkin-seed tea; sage tea, etc., etc. For external applications 
we have mustard and vinegar, fence rails, -coal oil, broom handles 
and charms. 

ENTERITIS. 

This is acute inflammation of the bowels, and is a very formid- 
able disease. The ordinary observer sees no difference between 
it and spasmodic colic, but there is an important difference. 

Symptoms. — Enteritis is generally gradual in its approach; the 
horse seems feverish and the ears and legs are cold; the belly is 
tender, and the horse manifests pain when you press on it; the 
pain continues, and the horse gets weak quickly; he stamps and 
paws the ground with his fore feet, breathes quickly, sweats in 
spots, and has a haggard, distressed look. In colic, motion and 
friction of the parts afford relief, in inflammation it aggravates 
the pain; colic has intermissions; in inflammation the symptoms 
are continuous. 

Causes. — The same as those of colic. Inflammation is often a 
sequel to colic. 

Treatment. — First give twenty drops of the German tincture of 
aconite, as previously directed; next an injection of warm water 
and salt. In twenty minutes another dose of ten drops of aconite. 
If there is no improvement within half an hour, give two ounces 
of laudanum in a pint of warm milk, or in half a pint of raw lin- 



158 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

seed oil mixed in half a pint of lime water. Fomentations of hot 
water are very useful. 

CONSTIPATION-. 



Constipation in horses is quite a serious matter, and should not 
be neglected. It is the original cause of many diseases, and the 
consequence of others. 

Symptoms. — Scantiness of excrement, accompanied by straining, 
and sometimes by twinges of colic. 

Treatment. — Change the food to bran mash, cut grass or clover, 
or other soft food; until the stools become reasonably soft. In 
urgent cases the use of injections of warm soapsuds, raw linseed 
oil, or warm water and salt, is far better than the giving of any 
strong purgatives, since these are generally followed by a reaction 
which only aggravates the disease. 

DIAREH03A. 

This disease is often simply an effort of nature to get rid of 
something injurious. 

Symptoms. — Frequent expulsion from the bowels of fluid or 
half fluid discharges, resulting in weakness and prostration, loss 
of appetite, etc. 

Causes. — Disease of the liver, worms, drinking too much 
water, eating heartily of new corn or hay, poisonous plants, 
over-fatigue, etc. 

Treatment. — In the early stages of the disease it may often be 
checked by changing the feed; if this proves ineffectual, give a 
quart of raw linseed oil and two ounces of tincture of opium. If 
no improvement is seen within a day or two, give a quart of flour 
gruel, containing two ounces of pulverized chalk and two ounces 
of laudanum. These large doses are to be given with a soda-water 
or tin bottle, a little at a time, the horse's head being simply held 
up gently, not hoisted to a beam with ropes. 



THE DISEASES OF HOESES. 159 



BOTS. 



When horses are seized with the colic the owner and his neigh- 
bors, or some over-smart doctor, frequently think " the bots " are 
working on him; and it is far safer for the bots to work on 
him than the doctor, for they wont hurt him, but the doctor 
might. 

Symptoms. — None reliable. 

Causes. — The bot-fly. 

Treatment. — Should be for colic. The larvae of the bot-fly, 
which are found in the stomach of the horse at certain seasons, 
are perfectly harmless. They live there for about eight months 
and then vacate the premises; and all the wonderful stories of 
their eating holes in or through the coats of the stomach are 
absurd. They might possibly do harm when very numerous, by 
interfering with the action of the glands of the coats of the 
stomach, but not otherwise. 

WOEMS. 

The stomach and bowels of the horse are liable to be infested 
with worms of different kinds, and sometimes in large num- 
bers. 

Symptoms. — The horse is generally poor and hide-bound ; he 
has a staring coat ; is subject to slight colic ; and beneath his tail 
may be seen a slight putty like discharge. He is generally weak 
and listless, and often pot-bellied. 

Causes. — Constant feeding on coarse food; poverty; neglect; 
filth. 

Treatment. — Feed very liberally on good, rich food, sound oats 
or corn; give water regularly three times a day, but only one buck- 
etful each time; three times a week give a tablespoonful of finely 
pulverized copperas in a quart of meal. Feed no musty fodder 
of any sort. 



160 THE HANDY HORSE ROOK. 



NEPHRITIS. 

Inflammation of the kidneys, according to the popular belief, is 
a very common disease, but this belief is quite erroneous. Colic, 
paralysis, lumbago, lung fever, sprains and even spavin are often 
taken to be " trouble in the water works. 1 ' 

Symptoms. — There is one marked symptom which will guide 
the attentive observer; the horse is stiff in his movements, and 
straddles out sideways — not backwards — with his hind legs; he is 
disinclined to move or to lie down; he passes urine in small 
quantities ; the urine is sometimes bloody and always dark colored ; 
he shows pain in turning around, and looks anxiously at his flanks. 

Causes. — Cold, wet, filthy stables; large quantities of rough or 
damaged fodder; cold drafts; drinking too much water at one 
time; exposure in stormy weather, and general bad management. 

Treatment. — Remove the patient to more comfortable quarters, 
and remember that good nursing is half doctoring. If he seems 
distressed, feverish, and breathes rapidly, give ten drops of the 
German tincture of aconite; and this dose may be repeated four 
times, at intervals of four hours. His food should be boiled oats 
mixed with bran, and a little sweet hay. A quart or more of 
linseed tea should be added to every bucketful of water given. 

CYSTITIS. 

Inflammation of the bladder, like that of the kidneys, is not so 
common a disease as is generally supposed. 

Symptoms. — The horse is feverish and restless, with loss of 
appetite, and occasional colicky pains. There is great difficulty 
in passing the urine, and the quantity passed is small. There is 
tenderness over the loins, and the horse looks backward frequently. 
His hind legs tremble, and are straddled wide apart. 

Causes. — The most frequent cause is a morbid desire to doctor 
horses for urinary diseases which have no existence, consequently 
the organs are kept in an irritable state, and it takes but little to 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 161 

start an inflammation. The practice of feeding salt and ashes 
results in much injury, and should be abolished; I am well aware 
that this doctrine will receive the " cold shoulder, 1 ' but facts are 
stubborn things, and I hope that unprejudiced men will try the 
experiment of feeding no salt. It should be remembered that 
horses can be taught bad habits as well as their masters. We all 
know how nice and particular horses are with reference to any- 
thing greasy, but I have seen a three-year-old colt, in a butcher's 
shop, eating a raw beefsteak, with as much relish as a bull dog. 
They can also acquire the habit of chewing tobacco, and drinking 
beer and whiskey. 

Treatment. — When the fever is high and the horse seems in 
pain three doses of the German tincture of aconite (ten drops 
each) may be given at intervals of one hour; woollen cloths, 
wrung out of hot water; should be kept across the loins until the 
horse is well-steamed; if the legs are cold they should be well 
rubbed; a quart of linseed tea should be given in every bucketful 
of water drank, and the food should be bran mash. By intro- 
ducing the greased arm into the rectum, and gently pressing the 
bladder backwards, some urine may be evacuated, which will give 
relief. The bladder is beneath the bowel, and can be easily felt, 
if full. An injection of warm water and oil or melted lard will 
do good service. 

STRANGURY. 

This is difficult or painful passing of the urine, which may arise 
from various causes. 

Symptoms. — The symptoms are much the same as in inflam- 
mation of the kidneys. . The disease is mostly seen in connection 
with colic, lockjaw, staggers, palsy of the bladder, constipation, 
foul, sheath, stricture of the urethra, or sores and dirt on the 
penis, etc. 

Treatment. — The treatment should first have reference to the 

cause. The free use of linseed tea, and frequent injections of 

blood-warm water, containing either Belladonna or opium (tinc- 
6 



162 THE HAtfDY HORSE BOOK. 

ture), three or four ounces in a bucketful of water, a quart to be 
given at each injection, and spreading of cloths wrung out of hot 
water over the loins, are often beneficial. Two or three ten-drop 
doses of the German tincture of aconite may be given at intervals 
of an hour. 

DIABETES. 

• 

This disease is characterized by excessive discharge of urine and 
great thirst. A horse affected with it soon runs down in con- 
dition, and it often lays the foundation for other diseases. 

Symptoms. — The horse gradually loses flesh and strength; the 
appetite begins to fail, or is depraved; he is inclined to lick the 
walls of the stable, wagon-wheels, or anything convenient; the 
urine is clear, like spring water, and the stall -is constantly 
saturated. • 

Causes. — Excessive use of salt»; damaged hay; the sequence of 
other diseases. 

Treatment. — Good feed and good care. 

JATODICE. 

Diseases of the liver are not very common in horses. The cases 
which occur are chiefly found in the southern states. Excepting 
jaundice, they are rather difficult of diagnosis for the general 
reader. 

Symptoms. — The horse has a dull, heavy look; the whites of the 
eyes have a yellow appearance, and in severe cases this yellowish 
tinge is seen in every place where the skin is not covered with 
hair; the dung-balls are small, hard and black, showing consti- 
pation, and the appetite is very delicate. 

Causes. — Idleness, or want of sufficient exercise, with constant 
feeding on rich food, and confinement to dark stables. The 
disease is generally found in cities. 

Treatment. — Take of epsom salts, Glauber's salts and common 
salt, each one pound; essence of ginger one ounce; mix in a 
gallon of warm water, and give a pint morning and night until 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 163 

the bowels seem moderately affected; change the food to bran 
mash or cut grass. 

HEPATITIS. 

This is inflammation of the liver, and is not a very common 
disease, except among over-fed, pampered horses. 

Symptoms. — Listlessness of manner; dullness of the eye; dainty 
appetite; constipation; and as the disease progresses the insides 
of the mouth and eyelids become yellow, or else whiter than 
common. 

Causes. — Idleness; too much grain; dark stables, etc. 

Treatment. — Change the above conditions gradually; feed mod- 
erately on soft food — especially grass; if this is not obtainable, 
give wet hay and bran mash. Nitre-water may be given for 
drink for a week or two. m 

PALPITATION OP THE HEART. 

. This disease is better known as thumps, and is sometimes mis- 
taken for spasms of the diaphragm, and vice versa. The distinc- 
tion is practically of no importance. 

Symptoms. — The horse seems agitated, as if alarmed at the 
violent beating of the heart; that organ seems to bang against the 
inside of the ribs, and can - be heard for quite a distance. The 
disease is of most frequent occurrence in horses of a nervous 
temperament. 

Causes. — High feeding; more frequently long journeys; hard 
pulling; rapid driving after idleness; rapid or long continued 
exertion in warm weather. 

Treatment. — Simply give rest and quietude until the horse is 
quite recovered. 

RHEUMATISM. 

Symptoms. — Very much the same twistings and gruntings — 
except the swearing — that are manifested in the human patient. 



164 



THE HANDY H0KSE BOOK. 



Sometimes there are swellings, sometimes not. The shifting 
character of the disease is the same as in man. 

Causes. — Changes of weather; damp beds; heredity; the sequence 
of other diseases; old age, etc. 

Treatment. — Salicylic acid has been highly recommended of 
late; I cannot say much for or against it. Coal oil is handier. 
Give two tablespoonf uls, once a day, mixed in oatmeal grue] and 
rub the affected parts with the same. 

HIP LAMENESS. 

Injuries to the hip from sprains, bruises, or serious falls on ice 
or slippery pavements, or from fracture of the ilium, are known 
under the name of hip sweeny. 

Symptoms. — The horse is very lame behind, and, if compelled 
to go faster, hops and drags the leg along, touching the toe to 
the ground as he goes. The muscles of the haunch are shrunken 
(atrophied), and the horse's condition betokens pain. 

Causes. — Heavy and severe falls ; slipping on ice, or on uneven, 
muddy ground; backing heavy loads, and various accidents. 

Treatment. — Long continued rest in a box-stall or small en- 
closure, and the daily rubbing of the affected parts with whiskey, 
vinegar and water, in equal parts. 

STIFLE LAMENESS. 

Lameness in the stifle is not uncommon, but a great many 
mistakes are made with regard to it. Sprains of the fetlock and 
nail in the foot are often the real causes. 

Symptoms. — The lameness is sometimes considerable, and the 
heat around the joint will always be a sure guide, while tender- 
ness on pressure is additional proof. If the patella or stifle-bone 
has been dislocated it will be seen protruding on the outside of 
the thigh, and must be pressed back into its place by the hand, 
an assistant holding up and pulling forward the leg at the same 
time. 

Causes. — Accidents. 



THE DISEASES OF HORSES. 185 

Treatment. — Where the stifle-bone has been put out and 
returned to its place, the horse's head should be tied up, so that 
he cannot lie down, and left so for fifteen days or more; and the 
joint should be bathed twice a day with whiskey, vinegar and water, 
equal parts. Should the bone not have been displaced the head 
need not be tied up. 

HOCK LAMENESS. 

The hock-joint is frequently called the gambrel-joint, and is 
far more often the seat of lameness than is generally supposed. 
In some cases the whole joint seems perfectly clear of all signs 
from which we might suspect lameness. This is called occult 
hock lameness. 

Symptoms. — The horse is very lame*, and stands with his toe 
only touching the ground. When made to walk he does so with 
great difficulty, letting his toe to the ground only for an instant. 
The hock having been examined and no swelling nor heat being 
perceived, the horse is supposed to be stifled or strained in the 
kidneys. Sometimes the lameness is accompanied with enlarged 
hock (synovitis), when the horse continually moves his foot up 
and down, and is evidently in great pain. 

Cause. — Not known. 

Treatment. — Long rest in a box-stall or small enclosure, with 
daily bathing for a month with whiskey, vinegar and water, 
equal parts. 

BOKE SPAVIN. 

This is a disease of the bones of the hock-joint, and is accom- 
panied, in its early stages, with lameness, more or less severe. 

Symptoms. — Lameness on first leaving the stable, which disap- 
pears as the horse becomes warmed up with his work, but reap- 
pears when he starts again after a rest. There may be nothing 
to be seen to indicate the exact locality of the lameness; the whole 
surface of the joint may be smooth, and manifest no undue 



166 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

heat. In a short time, however, a hard lump appears under the 
joint, and the cause of the trouble is manifest. 

Causes. — Heredity; overwork when young; accidents, etc. 

Treatment— First, in my estimation, is the actual cautery with 
the red-hot iron. Long experience has forced me to this conclu- 
sion. The idea of its cruelty is not well founded, for it should be 
remembered that the pain of the operation is but of short dura- 
tion, but its benefits are permanent, while it cuts short the pain 
incident to the deposit of the bony matter which forms the spavin, 
and is in all respects the quickest, most humane and most efficient 
remedy. Blistering applications of some kinds do good service, 
but such also cause pain, sometimes of long duration. Long 
continued rest, say six or eight months, without any interference 
whatever, will often allow nature to bring about a cure. 

BOG SPAVIF. 

This disease is sometimes known as blood spavin, and is one of 
the diseases incident to the hock joint. It generally occurs in 
•young horses. 

Symptoms. — A puffy swelling appears in front of the hock, 
which is generally prominent, and elastic to pressure, and is not 
often accompanied by lameness. A slight degree of heat is ob- 
servable. The swelling may become so large as to be an eyesore. 

Causes. — Working too young; accidents, etc. 

Treatment. — Long continued rest, with bathing with whiskey, 
vinegar and water, may give relief; but blistering applications, or 
the hot iron cautery produce the best results. 

TH0R0ITGHPIN". 

What is termed a thoroughpin frequently accompanies bog 
spavin. They are both of similar character, being enlarged bursaa 
or receptacles for holding the synovial fluid or joint oil. 

Symptoms. —On examining the hock-joint a prominence about 
the size of a half dollar is seen on each side. These apparently 
extend clear through the joint, hence the name. 



THE DISEASES OE HORSES. 167 

Causes. — Overwork; accidents, etc. 

Treatment. — The cautery is the only effectual cure. It should 
only be applied by a competent veterinary surgeon. 



CURB. 



Five or six inches below and behind the point of the hock, we 
sometimes find an enlargement which is best seen by viewing the 
leg sideways. It often attains a large size. 

Symptoms. — More or less lameness accompanies the inception 
of curb. Heat, swelling, tenderness, and an inclination to step 
on the toe are also observable. These, with the bulging out of" 
the part, leava no doubt of the cause of the lameness. 

Causes. — Rearing, slipping, overwork when young, hard pull- 
ing, etc. 

Treatment. — If the horse has been shod, the shoe on the lame 
foot should be replaced with one having calkins an inch higher 
than the other; constant bathing with whiskey, vinegar and water 
will be beneficial in the first stages, but if the part becomes callous 
a mild blister, applied once or twice at intervals of two weeks, may 
be necessary. 

CAPPED HOCK. 

A tumor on the point of the hock, seldom accompanied with 
lameness, but often with considerable swelling, and liable to result 
in permanent blemish. 

Causes. — Bruises from lying down in the stall; kicking; blows 
from whiffle-trees, etc. 

Treatment. — At the first appearance of the tumor, hot water 
bathing during the day, and rubbing with whiskey and vinegar 
at night, will be beneficial. Should the tumor become hard and 
of large size, it should be blistered three or four times at intervals 
of a week or ten days. 



168 THE HANDY HOUSE BOOK. 



STRINGHALT. 



This name is given to a peculiar motion of the hind legs which 
is pretty well known. The horse afflicted with it is considered 
unsound. 

Symptoms. — A sudden catching up of the hind leg, generally 
shown when first starting; but the horse may have gone several 
miles before the owner notices that the leg is being suddenly 
jerked up in a singular manner. In old chronic cases this 
jerking is so severe that the horse strikes his belly with his foot 
and injures himself. It is frequently the best horses that are so 
affected. 

Cause. — Not known. 

Treatment. — Useless. 

MANGE. 

Symptoms. — Constant rubbing against the stall, manger, or 
other objects, resulting in grinding off the mane and tail, and 
sometimes the skin as well. 

Cause. — The burrowing beneath the skin of a very minute 
parasitic insect. 

Treatment. — On a fine day wash the horse from head to foot 
with hot soapsuds, applied with a good brush; blanket until dry. 
Then rub every itching place with a mixture of fish oil, one quart; 
tar ; two ounces; spirits turpentine, two ounces; and sulphur, one 
pound. Repeat at the end of a week or ten days. 

LICE. 

Symptoms. — Severe rubbing, and the visible presence of the 
insects under the hair. 

Causes. — Poverty and neglect; allowing hens to roost in the 
stable, etc. 

Treatment. — Turn out the chickens ; whitewash the stable ; and 

4 



THE DISEASES OE HORSES. 169 

at intervals of a week give the horse a good washing all over with 
a tea made by boiling two pounds of quassia chips in a wash- 
boilerf ul of water. Repeat if necessary, and feed liberally. 

SURFEIT. 

Symptoms. — An eruption, which manifests itself in long-shaped, 
elastic lumps, more or less diffused over the whole body, but most 
abundant down each side of the neck. The general health does 
not seem to be affected. 

Causes. — Uncertain. Probably indigestion. 

Treatment. — None necessary. 

WARTS. 

Warts are found on all parts of the body, and are sometimes 
very unsightly, besides interfering every much with the horsed 
comfort. Sometimes the wart gets knocked off, and bleeds to an 
alarming extent. 

Causes. — A peculiar condition of the skin, which seems natural 
to some horses. 

Treatment. — For flat warts, twist a piece of cotton round a 
stick so as to make a small swab; with this rub chromic acid well 
into the wart. In a day or two a leathery scab will form and drop 
off, or it may be picked off and the operation repeated until the 
surface is level. If the wart has a neck, tie a strong thread 
tightly around it, and in two days another, and so on until the 
wart drops off, then proceed as above. 

HERNIA OR RUPTURE. 

This is a rupture of the membrane lining the abdomen and 
containing the intestines, which permits them to protrude between 
this membrane and the skin, forming large, soft swellings. 
this rupture. occurs at the side of the belly or flank (as in case of 
injury from hooking or kicking), it is called ventral hernia; if at 



170 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 

the navel, as in young colts, it is umbilical hernia; if by the side 
of the testicles it is scrotal hernia. 

Causes. — In' addition to the causes mentioned above, hereditary 
tendency may be mentioned. 

Treatment. — As a rule no notice need be taken of umbilical 
hernia, as it generally disappears before the third year. The cure 
of other forms should be entrusted only to a competent veterinary 
surgeon. 

ABORTION. 

Abortion happens occasionally among fat or over-fed mares, 
and also among those subjected to extreme neglect. 

Symptoms. — The first symptoms are usually a sudden filling 
up of the udder with a rather swollen appearance of the genitals; 
and the escape of a small quantity of reddish fluid. The mare 
seems languid and uneasy, and without appetite 

Causes. — Various. Over-exertion during the latter part of 
pregnancy; accidents, kicks, and eating poisonous plants. 

Treatment. — The mare should be kept alone in a quiet place. 
No medicine is needed, but her food should be of a cooling kind, 
such as cut grass or clover, bran mash, etc., and sufficient time 
should be allowed for recovery. 

WOUNDS OR BRUISES. 

Wounds may be divided into three classes : The simple incised 
wound, made by a sharp cutting instrument; the lacerated and 
bruised wound, and the punctured wound. 

Treatment.— Cuts with- sharp instruments on any of the fleshy 
parts of the body need only to be closed with interrupted sutures, 
if the cut be deep, and then to have the skin beneath the wound 
kept clean. The surface of the wound should never be washed. 
Lacerated wounds, having ragged edges or loose flaps of skin, 
should have the same treatment. 

Punctured wounds, such as those made with shot, pitchforks, 
or nails, should be bathed with warm water, probed for the ex- 



THE DISEASES OF HOESES. 171 

traction of foreign substances, and then syringed with a mixture of 
equal parts of raw linseed oil and spirits of turpentine. 

Bruises need hot water bathing by day t and bathing with tinc- 
ture of arnica, mixed with cold water, at night. 

BURNS AND SCALDS. 

After the animal is tenderly cleaned off, get a bucket half full 
of raw linseed oil, and fill up with lime water. Mix it well to- 
gethei and paint the wound thoroughly with a whitewash brush. 
Another whitewashing may be needed the next day. Give soft 
feed, and cover with a linen cover without surcingle. 

ABCESS — TUMORS. 

Symptoms. — In an abcess the swelling is hard and painful at 
first, but becomes soft aud elastic after a while, when it is ripe. 
Tumors are generally hard and cool. 

Causes. — Various. Abcesses, such as poll-evil and fistula, gen- 
erally arise from bruises. Tumors, such as wens, seem to come 
on without apparent cause. 

Treatment. — As a rule, abcesses, when matter has formed and 
they become quite "ripe," should be freely opened so as to allow 
all the pus to escape. Hard or indolent tumors should be dis- 
sected out. A mixture of raw linseed oil and spirits of turpentine 
in equal parts may be injected into the cavities. 

GALLS AND CHAFES. 

Treatment. — Discard poorly fitting harness of all descriptions, 
and when the harness is taken off sponge the shoulders and under 
the saddle, etc., before the skin gets cool, with strong salt water. 
If large, soft tumors arise on the shoulders, they must be freely 
opened from top to bottom and the fluid let out. Don't let them 
close too soon. 



^ THE HAtfDY HORSE BOOK. 

ATROPHY OR SWEENY. 

This is a wasting away of the muscles, which is known by the 
name of sweeny when appearing on the shoulder, or hip-sweeny 
when on the hip. 

Symptoms.— There may or may not be lameness. I have seen 
the most aggravated cases of sweeny in both shoulders, without 
any lameness. The skin sticks tightly over the shoulder-blade, 
so that it can scarcely be lifted; the leg is generally slender and 
the foot contracted. 

Causes.— Contracted feet, or other lameness; leaning inwards 
in double harness, or working anywhere where the pressure is 
unequal. 

Treatment— Turn the horse to pasture without shoes, and rub 
the affected part once a day with a mixture of whiskey, one pint; 
cayenne pepper one ounce. 

HIDEBOUND. 

This in itself is not a disease, but a symptom of some disease 
which should be sought for. 

Symptoms.— The horse has the appearance of despondency; his 
hide clings to his ribs, and he is generally unthrifty. 

Causes. — Various. 

Treatment.— Should you be able to find an honest veterinary 
surgeon give the case to him. If not, change the feed, and give 
plenty of it and regular work with good grooming. 

LOSS OF APPETITE. 

From the stand-point of common sense the horse has greatly 
the advantage of his master— he wont eat when he is sick, although 
he may be subjected to the same temptations, and urged to take 
something nice. 



THE DISEASES OE HOESES. 173 

Causes. — This should be investigated. It may be broken teeth; 
sore mouth or tongue; injuries from the bit; lampas, etc., or it 
may be due to actual disease. 

Treatment. — Remove the cause, if possible. 



indigestion. 

• 

Symptoms. — Abnormal appetite, shown by eating litter, lick- 
ing, etc.; rough coat; hidebound; listlessness, etc. 

Causes. — Constant feeding on the same food; over-feeding, etc. 

Treatment. — Rest on good pasture is the best treatment. If 
this is impracticable, give greater variety in the food, and give 
every night for a month in bran mash a tablespoonful of the 
following mixture: carbonate of soda, four ounces; gentian, four 
ounces; pulverized nitre, four ounces; pepsin, one and one half 
ounces. 

EOOD AND DRINK. 

All green food, in season, is much the best for sick horses. 
When it cannot be had, boiled oats is a good substitute. A peck 
of oats is put into a wash-boiler filled with water and allowed to 
simmer four or five hours. When cool, a quart of this mixed 
with a quart of bran makes a small feed. Bran mash is made 
by pouring boiling water upon the bran, stirring it thoroughly, 
and allowing it to stand covered till cool. Two or three quarts 
make a small feed. Seasoned hay is made by placing two or three 
pounds of nice, sweet hay on the floor, sprinkling it with salt 
water, and letting it soak an hour or two. Linseed tea is made by 
putting half a peck of flax seed into a wash-boiler, filling up 
with water, and simmering slowly until reduced nearly one half. 
A quart of this mucilage may be added to a bucketful of water for 
a drink, or to half a bucket of bran for a feed; use it without salt. 
Carrots are most excellent, given raw if the horse will eat them. 
Oat meal gruel is both food and drink. 



174 THE HANDY HORSE BOOK. 



ADMINISTERING MEDICINE. 

The common method of administering medicine to horses is often 
attended with serious consequences. It should be borne in mind 
that the horse is by nature adapted to take his food and drink 
from the surface of the earth; if you raise his head much beyond 
the horizontal position he swallows with difficulty, and if it is 
forced still higher the fluid escapes into the windpipe, and thence 
into the chest, from which there is no escape for it. A tin bottle 
holding a quart, and having the neck made smooth with solder, 
is a good thing for the giving of oil, salts, etc. ; a strong soda- 
water bottle is a good article for the giving of small doses. The 
head should not bo elevated any higher than necessary, and no 
ropes nor beams are needed. Give only a mouthful at a time, 
and let him swallow that before you give another. Be careful 
that you don't force him to cough while his head is raised. 

A FEW WORDS TO THE READER. 

Suppose your wife or child, or any dear friend, was suddenly 
taken sick with any serious or dangerous disease, would you send 
for the blacksmith to prescribe for them? The answer would be 
an indignant, No ! Then how can you. think of sending for him, or 
some one of similar knowledge, to prescribe for your horse? The 
one animal has two hundred and forty-two bones, the other two 
hundred and forty-eight, and the other portions of their wonder- 
ful and mysterious- structures are almost the same. Even those 
who devote a lifetime to the study of medicine are constrained to 
acknowledge that they know very little; how, then, can it be 
possible for those who have never made any study of this science 
to prescribe intelligently? If, then, you cannot procure a veter- 
inary physician to prescribe for your sick horse, call on your 
family physician. If he is no " horse doctor," then trust to 
nature and your own good sense. 



SYMPTOMATIC INDEX TO PART IV. 



Abdomen, Bloating of— Flatulent Colic. 
" Pain in— Colic, Enteritis. 

Appetite, Depraved— Diabetes. 

Biting at Manger— Cribbing, Wind-Suck- 
ing. 

Breast, Swelling of — Anticor. 

" Shrinking of — Navicular Disease. 

Breathing, Difficult— Laryngitis, Bron- 
chitis, Pneumonia, etc. 

Coronet, Swelling of — Bingbone, Lamin- 
initis, Quittor. 

Eyelids, Inflamed— Opthalmia, Influenza. 

Eyelid, Third, Prominence of— Hooks, 
Lockjaw. 

Eyes, Weakness of— Catarrh, Opthalmia. 

Feet, Foul Odor From— Thrush, Canker. 

Feet and Legs, Lameness in— Laminitis, 
Navicular Disease, Corns, Spavin, Curb. 

Food, Refusal of— Lampas, Aptha, Sore 
Throat, etc., etc. 

Food, Dropping of— Decayed Teeth. 

Frenzy— Phrenitis, Babies. 

Gulping When Drinking — Adenitis, Sore 
Throat. 

Gums and Palate, Swelling of— Lampas. 

Head, Swelling at Top of— Poll-evil. 

Hoofs, Cracking of— Sand-crack. 

Knee, Swelling of— Speedy-cut, Broken- 
knees. 

Legs, Fore, Stretching Forward — Lam- 
initis, Choking, 

Legs, Fore, Straddling With— Pneu- 
monia. 

Legs, Hind, Weakness of— Cerebro Spinal 
Meningitis, Paralysis, Azoturia. 

Legs, Hind, Jerking of— gtringhalt, 



Legs, Hind, Straddling With— Nephritis,, 

Strangury. 
Legs, Hind, Swelling of— Lymphangitis,, 

Scratches. 
Legs, Hind, Tumors on— Farcy. 
Nose, Extending— Adenitis, Poll-evil, Lock- 
jaw. 
Nose, Discharge From— Catarrh, Nasal 

Gleet, Glanders, Farcy, Influenza, Pneu- 
monia. 
Nose, Swelling of— Catarrh, Elephantiasis, 

Gleet, etc. 
Nose, Ulcers in— Glanders. 
Puffy Swellings— Anasarca, Surfeit,Dropsy, 

Hernia, etc. 
Rolling — Spasmodic Colic. 
Rubbing in the Stall- Mange, Lice. 
Saliva, Dribbling of— Adenitis, Choking. 
Shoulder, Swelling on Point of— Capped 

Elbow. ' 
Shoulder, Shrinking of— Sweeny. 
Staggering — Phren itis, Vertigo. 
Stiffness— Lockjaw, Laminitis, Nephritis, 

Rheumatism, etc. 
Stifle, Twitching of- Stifle Lameness, 

Cramp. 
Stumbling— Navicular Disease. 
Toes, Front, Dragging — Navicular Disease, 

Shoulder Sprain, Sprain of Back Sinews. 
Toes, Front, Turning Upward — Rupture 

of Suspensory Ligament. 
Toes, Hind, Dragging— Hip Lameness, 

Hock Lameness. 
Tongue, Swellings Under— Aptha. 
Urine, Dark Colored or Scanty— Nephri-* 

tis, Cystitis, Strangury, etc. 
Withers, Swelling of— Fistula. 



[175] 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE. 
171 

Abdallah 17, 59 

Abortion 170 

Adenitis 127 

Administering Medicine 174 

Age, as Shown by the Teeth 99 

Age, as Shown by the Body 118 

Agriculture, First Use of Horse in... 28 

Anasarca . 141 

Anatomy of the Horse 81 

Anatomy of the Foot 95 

Anticor 140 

Appetite, Loss of ... 172 

Aptha.. :. 126 

Ass, the 5 

Atavism..... 45 

Atrophy, or Sweeny 172 

Azoturia 136 

Bellfounder 18 

Big-Head 125 

Big-Leg 141 

Bighoping 110 

Bladder, Inflammation of 160 

Bog Spavin 166 

Bone Spavin 165 

Bots 159 

Boulonnaise Horse 28 

Bowels, Inflammation of 157 

Brain, Inflammation of 131 

" Softening of 132 

Breeding, Principles of 43-59 

Broken Knees 145 

Bronchitis 153 

Burns and Scalds 171 

Byerly Turk, the 11 

Canadian Norman Horse. 31 

Canker 150 

Capped Elbow 144 

" Hock 167 

Catarrh 137 

Cerebro Spinal Meningitis 132 

Chafes ! 171 

Chest Founder 148 



PAGE. 

Choking 127 

Circulatory System, the 85, 91 

Cleveland Bays 34 

Clydesdales 33-35 

Colic, Flatulent „... 156 

" Spasmodic 155 

Colts, Care of 55 

" Weaning of.... 55, 58 

" Raising by Hand 57 

Constipation 158 

Corns 151 

Cough , 129 

Cracked Heels 142 

Cramp 134 

Cribbing 128 

Cross-Breeding 46 

Curb 167 

Cystitis 160 

Darley Arabian, the 11 

Dauw 5 

Debility 142 

Diabetes 162 

Diarrhoea 158 

Digestive System, the 84, 88 

Diseases of Horses 123 

Distemper 127 

Draft Horse, English 34, 38, 41 

" " French 28, 29 

" Scotch 33, 35 

Driving 68 

Dropsy 141 

41 of the Breast 140 

Dummies 132 

Eclipse 59 

Elephantiasis 140 

English Cart-Horse 38, 41 

Enteritis 157 

Eohippus 5 

Excretory System, the 85 

External Regions of the Horse 76, 77 

Eye, the 94 

Fanghole, the 110 

Farcy , 139 



[177] 



178 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Farcy, Water .' 141 

Feeding 67 

Feed-Rooms 66 

Fistula 143 

Flemish Horse, the 28 

Floors of Stables 63 

Foaling, Assistance in 54 

" Sign's of ; 54 

Food and Drink 173 

Foot, Bones of the .' 95 

Fossil Horse 5-8 

Founder 147 

Galls or Chafes 17i 

Generative System, the 86 

Gestation, Period of 53 

Glanders 137 

Glaucer 34 

Gleet, jNasal / 137 

Godolphin Arabian, the 11 

Goldsmith Maid 17, 25, 59 

Grease Heel . 142 

Grooming 68 

Hambletonian 17, 59 

Heaves...., 155 

Hepatitis 163 

Heredity 43 

Hernia, or Rupture 169 

Hidebound 172 

Hip Lameness 164 

History, Early, of the Horse 5, 7 

Hock Lameness 165 

Hoof, Anatomy of the 96 

Hooks. 124 

Horseback Riding 69 

" " for Ladies 71 

Impregnation. Influence of First 47 

Improvement of Breeds, Earliest 9 

In-Breeding 45 

Indigestion 173 

Inflammation of the Bladder 160 

" " Bowels .• 157 

" " Brain..... 131 

" " Kidneys 160 

" " Liver 163 

" " MembranaNictitans 124 

Influenza 153 

Infundibulum 104 

Interbreeding of Species of Equus 6 

Islesman 35 

Jaundice 162 

Kidneys, Inflammation of 160 

King of the Valley 41 

Laminitis 147 



PAGE. 

Lampas 125 

Laryngitis 130 

Lexington 59 

Lice 168 

Light in Stables 61 

Linseed Mash 127 

Lockjaw 133 

Lymphangitis 141 

Mambrino 14 

Mange , 168 

Mangers 64 

Mare in Foal, Treatment of 51 

Markham Arabian, the 11 

Mark, the 104 

" the Secondary 110 

MaudS " 18, 19 

Membrana Nictitans, Inflammation of 124 

Messenger 14 

Milk-Leg : , 141 

Moon Blindness 123 

Morgan Horse, the ' 48 

Muscles, the 83 

Narragansett Pacers 18 

Navicular Disease 148 

Nephritis 160 

Nervous System, the 84 

Nitre-Water 126 

i Norman Horse, the 28-32 

Old Louis Napoleon 29 

Opthalmia 123 

Orloff Trotters 14, 23 

" Speed and Color of 24, 26 

Osteo Sarcoma 125 

Pacer Pilot 18 

Pacers, Narragansett 18 

Pacing Records 20 

Palpitation of the Heart 163 

Paralysis 135 

Pedigree 44 

Percheron Horse, the 28 

Phrenitis 131 

Pleurisy....... 155 

Pneumonia 154 

Poll-Evil 129 

Prepotency 46 

Purpura Ha;morrhagiea 139 

Quagga 5 

Quidder 126 

Quittor 150 

Rabies 134 

Rheumatism 163 

Ringbone 147 

Rupture, or Hernia 169 



GENEKAL I^DEX. 



179 



PAGE. 

Rupture of the Suspensory Ligaments.... 146 

Rysdyk's Hambletonian 17, 59 

Sand-Crack 152 

Scalds or Burns 171 

Scratches 142 

Sex, Controlling the 50 

Shire Horse, the 38 

Shoe-Boil 144 

Shoeing 98 

ShotO'Grease 141 

Shoulder Sprain 143 

Side-Saddle, Safety 72 

" Stirrup .73, 74 

Sire, Choice of 49 

Skeleton of the Horse 78, 79, 82 

Smuggler 18 

Sore Mouth ! 126 

Sore Throat....... 130 

Spasmodic Colic 155 

Spavin 165, 166 

Speed of American and Russian Trotters.. 25 

Speedy-Cut ; 144 

Sprain of the Back Sinews 145 

Stable Management 61 

Stables, Floors of 63 

" Lighting 61 

" Ventilating 62 

" Water Supply of ._ 66 

Staggers 131 

Stifle Lameness 164 

Strangles 127 

Strangury 161 

Stringhalt 168 

Stud-Book, Commencement of 12 

Suffolk Punch, the 37 

Sunstroke 135 



PAGE. 

Surfeit 169 

Suspensory Ligament, Rupture of 146 

Sweeny 172 

Teeth, Anatomy of 99 

" Decayed 126 

" Wolf 100, 126 

Tetanus 133 

Thompson's Black Horse , 34 

Thorndale ....... 15 

Thoroughbred, Origin of the 11 

" Significance of Term .*... 12 

" Color and Shape of 13 

" Value of 13, 21, 22 

Thoroughpin 166 

Thrush 149 

Thumps 163 

Training 60 

Trotters Norfolk 14 

Orloff. ( ...14, 23 

Trotting Association of Buffalo, Records of 26 

Trotting Horse, Origin of 14, 15 

" Usefulness of 19 

Trotting in Harness, Fastest. Records 20 

Tumors 171 

Tusks, the 115 

Urine, Dark 136 

Ventilation of Stables 61 

Vertigo 131 

Warts , 169 

Water Farcy 143 

Weed 141 

Wind-Sucking 128 

Wolf Teeth 100, 126 

Worms 159 

Wounds and Bruises 170 

Zebra, the. 5 



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The above premium wi3l be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending us an order for five 
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OUR LATEST FOUR-BLADE KNIFE. 

SUITABLE FOB LADIES OB GENTLEMEN, 




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VIOLIN, IBOXV, 

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DOUBLE POINTED! 



We taK* pleasure in auuouucmg an arrangement by whkh we are enabled to offer the 
world-renowned Mrs. Pott's Sad Irons as a premium; These Irons are widely known and 
univernail) acknowledged as the most lat>or-saving of any of the new household inventions. 
It has a <ietachable wooden handle, wbiob never becomes hot, and cannot burn the hai.ds. 
We i.ffer a set as represented by the above cut— thre irouB, one handle and one stand. There 
are three tdzes in each set. Mo. 1 weighs about four pounds, has one round end for polishing 
or glossing, ami is very suitable for light work. No 2 weighs about fiTe pounds, and is for 
general use. No. 8 weighs ibout six pounds, and is suiiable lor ta> de-cloths, sheets, etc 

WE OFFER A COMPLETE SET FOR SALE FOR $2.50. 

The Complete Set and a copy of this book, or any book In the Farm and Fire- 
side Library, for p£.H5. 

The above premium will be sent by mall, postpaid, to any one sendjnc ns an 
order for eighteen eopi^s of* his book, at '25 cents each. Or, an order tor any 
eighteen books in the Farm and Fireside Library, at '£5 cents each. 

The books ean be sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book 
to a separate person if desired, and the post aee will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AffD FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 

SHAWL STRAPS! 

A 8hawl Strap is particularly desirable 
as a companion when Journeyingjshoiping, 
at picnics, oi its convenience is unques- 
tioned when parcels are to be carried. 1 hit 
strap is made of the finest ru*>et-coJored 
leather, and has a patent rigid bar, which 
is a great improvement. 




We Offer it for. Sale for 50 Cents. 

The Shiwl Str p and a copy of this 
book, or any book in ths Farm and 
Fireside Library, for 65 eents. 
The above premium will bs sent by 
mall, postpaid, to any one tending an order for two copies of this book, at 25 cents each. 
Or, an order for any two books in the Farm and Fireside Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books ean be sent to one person and the premium to another, or eaoh baok to a 
separata parses if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in eaoh oaaa. 

Addrei. FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 



NEEDLES! NEEDLES! 

Agood opportunity is now afforded to any person in want 
of Needles to obtain them at 

AN UNEQUALED BARGAIN. 

For 25 cents we send five packages of Needles containing 

125 LARGE-EYED, CLOTH-STOCK ENGLISH NEEDLES 

Consisting of the following: 




3 Extra Long Ste^l Darners, 

2 Short Cotton Darners, 

3 Wool Darners, 
2 Yarn Darners, 
2 Carpet Need.es 



2 Long Otton Darners, 

6 Extra fine Cotton Darners, 
all sizes. 

3 Buiton Needles, 
1 Worsted .Needle, 



1 Motto Needle. 

100 other needles of various sizes suited to all classes of household 
sewing. 

We guarantee the needles to b^ first-class, in fact, better than 
anything of the kind in the market, and at almost one third the 
regular price fur the common American needle. 

rant male and female Agents to sell these needles. Sample package of 125 needles, 
and circular giving terms to agents sent f.ee on receipt of 25 cents. Very low rates to agents 
and the trade. 

The Package of Needles and a copy of this hook; or any hook in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, for 40 cents. 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending ns an 
order for two copies of this book, at 2-3 e^nts each. Or, an order ior any two 
books in the Farm and Fireside Library, at 25 cents each. 

The bo-»ks can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book, 
to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 

SILVER NAPKIN RING. 

'ihis elegant and valuable Napkin King is made of pure 
silver plate, on the finest quality of white metal and is 
beautifully engraved. 

There are no Better Plated Napkin Rin^s Made, 
a.d with Proper Care will Last a Life-Time. 

If you wish to make a handsome present to a wife, 
mother, sister or iriend, you cannot find a more d.-sira- 
bln or beautiful present than one or more of these tasty 
rings. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR 50 CENTS. 
The Silver Napkin Ring and a copy cf this book, or 
any book in the Farm and rireside Library, for 65 cts. 
The above premium will bs sent by mail, postpaid, to 
any one sending an order for four copies o*" this book 
at 25 cents each. Or, an order for any fourbo^ks in the Farm snd Fireside Library, at 25 
cents eich. 

The books can be ser.t to on* person snd the premium to another, or each book to a 
separate person if desired, an i the postage will be prepai ! in each c.se. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 




JET AND PEARL SET, 

This is a very handsome set, mounted in 
fine, beautifully-fornied rolled gold plate, 
equal in appearance to those being sold for SKI 
and much prettier than the cut represents 

WE OFFER THE ENTIRE SET FOR SALE 
FOR $1.75. 

The entire set and a copy- of this, 
book, or any book in the Farm 
and Fireside Library, for $1.90. 

The above premium will be sent 
by mail, postpaid, to any one 
sending us an order for nine 
copies of this book at 25 cents 
each. Or, an order for any nine 
books in the Farm and Fireside 
Library at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one 
person and the premium to an' 
other, or each book to a separate 
person if desired, and the postage 
will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 

ROLLED GOLD PIN AND EAE DBQPS. 







This is an elegant pattern. It is the best rolled gold, and is finished after the style of solid 
gold sets costing S25.00. This set consists of a fine rolled gold Bosom Pin and Ear-drops. The 
pattern of the set is new and very beautiful. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR $2.00. 

The Gold Plated Pin and Far Drops and a copy of this book, or any 
book in the Farm and Fireside Library for $2.15. 

The above premium Trill be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one send- 
ing an order for twelve copies of this book at 25 cents each. Or, an 
order for any twelve books in the Farm and Fireside Library, at 25 
cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or 
each book to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be pre- 
paid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 



POWERFUL MAGNET! 

Every boy and girl would be 
pleased with a Magnet, and parents 
ought to encourage them in buying 
such articles, for it gives them an 
insight into the laws that govern 
magnetism and electricity, and also 
affords a great deal of pleasure. The 
Magnet we offer is three and a half 
inches long and very powerful for 
its size. It will pick up several 
knives or pairs of scissors at a time, 

or dozens of needles, tacks, pins, nails, and other small articles, and is a source of endless 

amusement to old and young. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR 25 CENTS. 

The Magnet and a copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and Fireside Library, for 
40 cents. 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending us an order for two 
copies of this book, at 25 cents each. Or, an order for any two books in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book te a 
separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 




HANDY VISE! 

With this Vise persons will be saved much incon- 
venience. It is useful in any home, city or country, 
and especially recommended to those who are engaged 
in the making of brackets, picture frames and similar 
articles. Being made of iron and steel, it will last a 
lifetime. Can be easily attached to any table or bench. 
T< e jaws are one and a half inches wide and open 
two ami one fourth inches. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR $1.25. 

The Handy Vise and a copy of this 
book, or any book in the Farm and Fire* 
side library for $1.40. 

The above premium will be sent by 
mail, postpaid, to any one sending an 
order for seven copies of this book at 25 
cents each. Or, an order for any seven 
books in the Farm ami Fireside Library, 
at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or 
each book to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be pre- 
paid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO-, Springfield, Ohio. 




LADY'S 

Pocket Book 

This is a very neat Pocket- Book of a new 
desisjn, imitation Russia leather and hand- 
Bomely finished with nickel plated mount- 
ings and clasps. It is arranged with pockets 
suitable for either silver, scrip or bills, and 
has a b autiful silk handle with tassels 
attached. Thjey are equal to pocket-books 
sold in th' j stores for $1 to SI. 25, and yet we 
send one by mail post-paid as a premium to 
any one sending three subscribers to Farm 
and Fireside, at 50 cents a year. We are con- 
fident that our lady readers will be delighted 
with this new premium, and are sure that 
a more acceptable present could not be 
found. It is only because they are manu- 
factured in lar^e quantities especially for 
us, that we can afford them at suc'h a low 
pi ice. 

We Offer it For Sale for 60 Cents. 

The Toady's Pocket Book and a 
copy of this book, or any book in 
the Farm and Fireside Library, for 
75 cents. 

The above premi«m will be sent 
by mail, postpaid, to any one send- 
ing: ies an order for lour copies of 
this book, at i£5 cents each. Or, an 
order for any lour books in the Farm 
and Fireside Library, at £5 cents 
each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book 
to a separate person il" desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 




(Cutis not near full size.) 



Address FAJtM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 



LADY'S NICKEL-PLATED SHEARS ! 




These Shears are made of the best 
steel, expressly for select trade, but we 
have obtained a quantity sufficiently 
large to offir as premiums. They are 
heavily nickel-plated and of convenient 
size for general use. We warrant them 
durable, and to have good temper, so 
that thev will keep sharp for a long 
time, and will gladden the heart of any 
housewife. 



WE OFFER THEM FOR SALE FOR 60 CENTS. 

The Lady's nickle-plated Shears and a copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, for 75 cents. 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending an order for four 
copies of this book, at 25 cents each. Or, an order for any four books in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, at 25 cents eack. 

The books can be sent to one pU'son and the premium to another, op each book to a 
separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. Address 

FARM AND FIRESIDE CO. r Springfield, Ohio. 



LITTLE BEAUTY CLOCK. 

Our New Premium Clock is much prettier 
than the cut represents it, and pleases our 
subscribers much better than the one 
offered last year, which was the delight of 
so many thousand homes. It can be hung 
up or laid down on its face, back or side, 
aniwill 

RUN IN ANY POSITION. 

It is handsomely nickel-plated, which looks 
better and is more durable than silver, and 
is warranted to be an accurate and 

CORRECT TIME-KEEPER. 

It is like a stem-winding watch, and 
requires 

NO KEY TO WIND IT. 

The hands can be regulated without being 
touched. In fact, the Uttle Beauty is' 
just the clock that everybody will be de- 
lighted with, for it is the most complete, 
snug and best arranged clock to be had 
anywhere. Many have written that it 
keeps as good time as their $150 watches. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR $2.25. 

The Little Beauty Clock and a copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and Fireside 
Library, for $2.4J. 

1 The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending us an order for twelve 
copies of this book, at 25 cents each. Or, an order for any twelve books in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book to a 
separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 

GERMAN CONCERTINA 

ThiPis a fine and sweet-toned instrument. It is handsomely, 
strongly made, is seven inches in diameter and eleven inches in length. 
when extended. It has twenty keys, and is capable of performing any 
music in parts. It is a real German Concertina, with 

PURE, SWEET, CLEAR TONES. 

Though nearly equal in power and compass to the largest accordeon, 
it is little more than one quarter the weight and size, and is very con- 
venient for handling at the moonlight serenades. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR $1.75. 

The German Concertina and a copy of this book, or any book in 
the Farm and Fireside Library, for $1.90. 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending us an order for twelve 
copies of this book _t 25 cents each. Or, an order for any twelve books in the Farm and Fire- 
side Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can b? sent to one person and the premium to another, or each booh Co a 
separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, ©Mo 





WADE & BUTCHER RAZOR 

Set Ready for Use, Made of Fine India Steel, for only 75 Cents. 




. IS5EH55M 



This is really a great bargain, as it is w 11 known that their Razors have been on the market 
.or '_<) years and have no superior. Retail dealers are selling Razors, which are no better, for 
$1.25 to $1.50 each, but we will send them by mail, postpaid, on receipt of only 75 cents. 

The Razor and a copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and Fireside Library, for 90 cts. 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending us an order for five 
copies of this book, at 25 cents each. Or, an order for any five books in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the prertjum to another, or each book to a 
separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio., 

BADGER'S GENUINE BELT *ND HONE COMBINATION ! 

This is a new and 
improved style. Will 
wear for years, and 
give complete satis- 
faction, it consists 
| of a series of grada- 
tions,— two with the 

belt and two with the hone,— so that it can be used for any degree of condition of a razor, 
from the dullest to the sharpness of a hair-line. No. 1 being used when the razor is dull, then 
Nos. 2 and 3, finishing on No. 4. It is made with an iron frame andextensiblehandle. In short, 
this complete combination makes the most desirable article in the market. Every owner of a 
razor should possess one. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR 85 CENTS. 

The Combination and a copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and Fireside 
Library, for $1.00. 

The above preminm will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending ns an 
order for six copies of this book, at 25 cents each. ()>-, an order lor any six 
books in the Farm and Fireside Ijibrary, at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book 
to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Jpringfield, Ohio. 

BEAUTIFUL PEARL HANDLE KNIFE! 

Thib elegant Knife is a 
perfect gem. It is made 
of the finest steel, haa 
>two blades and an exqui- 
site pearl handle, and 
will meet the wants of 
those who have been inquiring for the prettiest and handsomest knife for ladies' use. W© 
bunted many months in order to find the very nicest ladies' knife in the market, and we are 
sure it will please all who may obtain it. Equal to those sold in stores at $1.50 and $2.00. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR 75 CENTS. 

The Knife and a copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and Fireside 
Library,* for 90 cents. 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one sending ns an 
order lor five copies of this book, at 25 cents each. Or, an order for any five 
books in the Farm and Fireside .Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the preminm to another, or each book 
to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AtfP FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 







POCKET TOOL-HOLDER! 

With 20 Steel Tools. 

This is the very best Tool-holder in the market. 
The handle is hollow, made entirely of iron and steel, 
and contains Twenty Steel Tools of various sizes 
and shapes, among them are 

Chisels, Gouges, Wood Reamer, Iron Reamer* 
All Sizes of Awls, Screw-Driver, Scratch- 
Awl, and Many Others. 

In addition it will hold anything from an eight-inch 
mill file to a needle, and is useful and handy in a hun- 
dred ways about a house in the country or city. 

WE OFFER THE HOLDER FOR SALE WITH 20 TOOLS FOR $1 

The Pocket Tool Holder and a copy of this book, or any book in 
the Farm and Fireside Library, for $1.15.' 

The above premium will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any one 
sending us an order for five copies of this book, at 25 cents each. 
Or, an order for any five bocks in the Farm and Fireside Library, at 
25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the preminm to another, or each book 
to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be prepoid in each case. 

Address FAKM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 
NEW AND IMPROVED 

STEAM ENGINE! 

With Boiler, Lamp and Everything in 
Complete Working Order. 

This is a real model Steam Engine, with solid brass boiler, plated fly- 
wheel and cylinder, and metal pulley wheel for connecting and running 
small machinery. It will run with great speed for one half hour, at one 
rilling of the boiler. With proper care it will last a lifetime. It is perfectly 
safe for any child to handle ; the self-acting safety valve renders explosion 
impossible. Over 100,000 have been sold. Former price $1 ; reduced by us 
to 50 cents. Full directions sent with each. 

WE OFFER 8T FOR SALE FOR 50 CENTS. 

The Engine and a copy of this book, or any book in the 
Farm assd Fireside Library,, for 65 cents. 

'I he above premium wiSR be sent by mail, postpaid, to 
[any one sending* us an order for two copies of thi* book; 
Jat 25 cen s each. Or, an order for any two books in the 
Farm and Fireside Library, at 25 cen s eaeb, 
The books can be sent to one person and the premium to another, or 
each ook to a separate person if desired, and the postage will be pre- 
paid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 




ADVANCE EGG BEATER! 

Only 30 Cents, by Mail Postpaid. 

"Will beat the whites of 2 eggs in 10 seconds so the glass may be in- 
verts without any of the egg falling out. It will so thoroughly beat 
the whites of 6 eggs in 20 seconds that the bowl may be inverted without 
any of the egg falling. Six eggs may be beaten so that a quart measure 
will not contain them. 

Beating an egg is simply aerating its particles. Properly aerated 
or beaten, a single egg will perform the work of three or four imper- 
fectly done. When one egg is made to do the work of three, the 
economy in using a perfect beater is apparent, and the price no ob- 
ject. Equally valuable for egg-;, cake or salad cream. No joints or 
rivets to get loose. Cleaned itisfnntly. 

Money refunded if you are not delighted with it. . A woman and her 
beater cannot be separated. The Egg Beateii is the only article in the 
world that is warranted to delight the purchaser. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR 30 CENTS. 

The Advance Egar Beater and a copy of this book, or any 
book in the Farm and Fireside .Library, for 45 Cents. 

The above premirm will be sent by mail, postpaid, to any 
one sending ns an order for three copies of this book at 25 
cents each. Or, an order for any three books in the Farm and 
Fireside Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can be sent to one person and the premium to 
another, or each book to a separate person if desired; and 
the postage will be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield. Ohio. 





INDELIBLE MARKING INK! 

Baldwin's Indelible Marking Ink is 
the most satisfactory ink for marking 
cotton, linen, woolen or silk goods with 
a pen. It flows from any pen % does 
not spread or run. It will mark 
finer, neater and more legibly than 
any o her marking ink. Will develop 
perfectly without heat, sun or prepara- 
tion, and in all cases it is uniiormiy a 
soft black. Warranted perfect y indelible. 

WE OFFER IT FOR SALE FOR 30 CENTS. 

The Indel'ble Marlon-; Ink and a Copy of this book, or any book in the Farm and 
Fireside L.brary f r 45 fen s. 

The above premium * ill be sent by mail, postpaid, to anyone sending us an or^er for two 
copies of this book t 25 c ;nts each. Or, an order for any two books in the Farm and Fire- 
side Library, at 25 cents each. 

The books can b? sent to one person and the premium to another, or each book i© c 
separate person if desired, and the postage wi*l be prepaid in each case. 

Address FARM AND FIRESIDE CO., Springfield, Ohio. 



DO YOU WANT TO PURCHASE 

OR OBTAIN FREE AS 

A PREMIUM 

Books, Bibles, 
Scrap Books, 

Autograph Albums, 
Photograph Albums, 
Musical Instruments, 

Pressing Cases, Polls, 
Toilet' Sets, Cutlery, 

Writing- Pesks, Games, 
Watches, Clocks, 

Jewelry, Silverware, 
Telescopes, 

Microscopes, 

Opera Glasses, 

Magic Lanterns, 

Mechanical Tools, 

Hand and Foot-Power 
Saws and Lathes, 
And Hundreds of other Useful and Ornamental Articles. 



%)"^= ^ v 



IF SO. CONSULT OUR PREMIUM LIST. 

It you have not got one, send for one at once. It will be mailed 
free. Address 

MAST, CEO WELL & KIRKPATEICK, 

Farm and Fireside and Our Young People. SPRINGFIELD, OHIO, 



4- By subscribing to the Farm and Fireside Library you can obtain 

! I TO 3 DOLLAR BOOKS FOR 25 GENTS EACH. 

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION TO THE FARM AND FIRESIDE LIBRARY : 
One Year, ... $3.00. 

Single Copy, ----..-25 Cents. 

f Invariably in Advance. 

FOR 25 CENTS, A COPY OF ANY BOOK IN THIS LIST WILL BE SENT BY MAIL, POSTPAID. 

Book No. I. Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. This well-known book may be 
ranked as the most popular standard juvenile book ever printed. Our edition is complete 
in one vol. Fully illustrated. 

Book No. 2. The Pilgrim's Progress from this world to that which is to come. This re- 
markable book, as every one knows, was written under the similitude of a dream, by John 
Bunyan, the most popular religious writer in the English language ; and perhaps more 
copies have been sold than any other book except the Bible. Our edition is complete and 
unabridged, with appropriate illustrations. 

Book No. 3. New Farm and Fireside Cook Book. ONE OF THE BEST COOK BOOKS 
EVER PUBLISHED. Contains about 1.000 Recipes. It is just the book that every wile and 
housekeeper needs. It tells how to cook all kinds of bread, cakes, and meats ; it tells how 
to make all kinds of soup; it gives recipes for cooking fish, oysters, poultry and game; it 
tells how to select the best poultry, fish, meats, etc.; it gives the best methods ol nreDaring 
sauces and salads and all kinds of vegetables for the table: and tells the housekeeper all 
she needs to know about bread, biscuits, rolls, puddings, pies, custards, creams, cookies, tea, 
coffee, chocolate, home-made candies, antidote for poison, cooking for the sick, and many 
other useful things. 

Book No- 4. Saved at Last from Among the Mormons. Every man and woman in the 
laud should read this story, which is founded upon facts, and gives an insight into the low 
estate of woman under the" Mormon rule. 

Book No. 5. Gulliver's Travels. This book tells of the supposed travels and surprising 
adventures of Lemuel Gulliver into several remote regions of the world, where he met with 
a race of people no larger than your hand. Also his wonderful exploits among giants. Com- 
plete in one volume. Finely illustrated. 

Book No. 6. Bread and Cheese and Kisses. By B. L. Farjeon. A very popular Christmas 
story after the style of Dickens ; abounds in excellent and novel features. Complete in one 
volume, with illustrations. 

Book No. 7. The Arab ; an Nights' Entertainments. Illustrated with numerous wood en- 
gravings, descriptive of those many strange and singular stories which the legend says the 
Sultaness of Persia related to the Sultan night after night, in order to prolong her life, and 
thus finally won his affections and delivered • the many virgins, who but for her would 
have been sacrificed to his unjust resentment. 

Book No. 8. /Esops's Fables. The Fables of iEsopus, an apt representative of the great social 
and intellectual movement of the age which he adorned. Born a slave, he forced his 
way by his mother-wit into the courts of princes. In one vol. Very profusely illustrated. 

Book No. 9. John Ploughman's Pictures ; or, More of his Plain Talk for Plain People, by 

Rev. Chas. H. Spurgeon. This book is exceedingly humorous and instructive, tisinu the 

simplest form of words and very plain speech. To smite evil, and especially the monster 

4. evil of drink, has been the author's earnest endeavor. Complete in one volume— contain- 

^ ing a great number of pictures. 

a. Book No. 10. Noble Deeds of Men and Women. A history and description of noble deeds, 
^ presenting correct and beautiful models of noble life to awaken the impulse to imitate what 
we admire. By the recorded acts of the great and good we regulate our own course, and 
steer, star-guided, over life's trackless ocean. 

The usual price of thesg books bound in cloth is $1 00 to $3.00 each. We bind them in heavy 
paper, and send them by mail and prepay the postage. They comprise a wide range and 
striking diversity of i-he most brilliant and pleasing productions of the most noted and 
popular authors, and include books of travels, adventures, fiction and humor, so that all 
tastes will be suite I. We call it the Farm and Fireside Lirrary, and any one obtaining 
these books will possess a library of the most popular bo< ks ever published. We have not 
room to give an exteded description of each book, but all will be delighted who obtain these 
noted books at so ow a price. 
1. THE BOOKS are the latest and most complete editions, and contain many illustrations 
one alone requiring fifty pictures to complete it. 

MONEY should be sent by Post-office Money Order or Registered Letter, addressed to 

FARM AND FIRESIDE COMPANY, Springfield, Ohio. 



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